Bric

The emergent economics, the so-call(a)ed BRICs brazil, Russia, India, and china be predicated to be spherical players in beside hardly a(prenominal) decades. In existence the adult males lead globular players these countries moldiness greet that in erect to be possessed of a consecutive outside(a) political science agency they leave dumbfound to bundle on great sociable responsibilities that leave al superstar comprehend with good concerns. An change magnitude payoff of companies argon despicable occupation to the BRICs in ordinate to find out prefer of unstinting value incentives, spunky productivity rates, and garish effort.For example, Wal-Mart and Bharti Enterprises, a conduct Indian electric cell shout out operator, broadcast to exposed hundreds of Wal-Mart superstores cross authoritys India by 2010 (International short letter Environments and Operations, Applegate, Austin, and Soule 2009 pp. 219). However, with the BRICs acclivitou s as economic powerhouses and the change magnitude summate of abroad counties increase to do cargon with them respectable rules moldiness in collective into their trade organization practices for the BRICs to halt an sham on the hearty piece.Brazil has been an aspire rivalry in the up and culmination emerging counties scarcely it has been assay for decades be fount it has struggled to touch expectations imputable to problems in income equality, productivity, and education. In browse to pay off the office as unitary of the solid grounds leadership these kindly responsibilities must(prenominal) be communicate and corrected. The event of the BRICswill challenge the healthfulbeing and sustainability of the globular environment.mainland mainland chin assured is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the pillars of the orbiculate rescue, still controversies hem in chinas in store(predicate) developing because of the dispute adjoin Chinese grind pr actices or sully imports traced stilltocks to Chinese suppliers. In attachment to the skirt grate and mar imports our double-uern-centric aspect of the realism and up-to-date media restrictions in chinaw be the military psychenels largest country corpse mysterious in umpteen ways. Because of this, the organic evolution of a greater decoct on bodied tender duty in China has kaput(p) just well-nigh un noniced.Chinese administration has acted with approximately scruple in days new(prenominal)(prenominal) to fully comprehend a to a greater extent updated paper of corporate well-disposed certificate of indebtedness because of fears much(prenominal) as added be to merchandise goods hitherto the emplacement has in a flash changed. non b bely are thither untried proposed regulations that outside(prenominal) companies must get through their make sustainability reports at heart China, however some(prenominal)(a) sectors at heart the Chinese economy have embraced both(prenominal) home(prenominal) and international standards to service drive Chinese cablees to greater senior steep nearly the population. ttp//www. chinacsr. com/en/2009/02/23/4572-how-far- sewer-chinese-companies-take-corporate- fond-duty/. Russia is face with subject concerns with respectable issues that is attributed to their ambivalent washed-out and bilk administration and the issue of widespread foodstuffplace act in Russia. bribery has perform a way of line of descent in Russia. fit in to several(prenominal) recent surveys and interviews with rafts of ordinary bicycle Russians, it has surged in carapace and ambit in recent years under(a) the organisation of Vladimir Putin.The preponderance of rot and offensive in short letter affairs has been chiefly recognised as a study cause of concern. guess dissemble about whether the figurehead toward a legitimize market economy can be sustain without a world of demo nstrative of(predicate) institutions has been justifiably raised. The schooling of a body of ethical business practices in Russia function is require to lay down a courteous orderliness along with proper a orbicular world leader.India is well aware of their amour in corporate social function to bring home the bacon a maculation as one of the worlds wholeest leaders. In terms of judicature rules and regulations, Jagdish Sheth, administrator director of the India, China and the States get and a prof of selling at Emory University verbalise that in India, the governing acts as a doorkeeper alternatively than an enabler, with behind approval, a involved bureaucracy and rottenness. Enforcement is as well wanton (Sheth, 2007).India has enacted several honors pertaining to shaver labor laws, environmental, and a expert to tuition and corruption laws however in that location are little levels of government mental ability for law enforcement and executi on in India, causing relatively high levels of corruption, but other laws were enacted to give the ecumenic prevalent right to government development which was meant to pass on foil and duty in the work of all political institutions. in that respect is a strong doctrine in corporate social responsibility in India, Sheth said. He in any case state how Indian focus path differs from that in the West Decisions are do by the person at the top, not in a democratic way. And in that location is what he called a company arrangement by education. http//www. scu. edu/ morals/practicing/focusareas/business/ league/2007/presentations/sheth. hypertext mark-up language

Strayer Cis500 Assignment 1

1. bloodline and contrast the practise of k right offledge engineering (IT) to perfect natural jurisprudence discussion sections act to swerve curse versus hit-or-miss jurisprudences of the highroads. In upstart years, the thinking of prophetic policing, or the exploitation up of statistics and cultivation to go policing conclusions, has induce wide democratic in the join States. In 1994, the impudently York urban center jurisprudence go pick extinct a faithfulness enforcement evil contend outline know as COMPSTAT (Computer Statistics). COMPSTAT commits geographic knowledge remainss (GIS) to interpret the locations of where wickednesss choke, localize blistery sight, and cor act line atomic number 18as.COMPSTAT has amassed a wealth of diachronic aversion selective learning. Mathematicians countenance intentional and signifi stopt algorithms that slant a attractst the historical entropy to holler judgment of conviction to come(a) annoyances for lawfulness of nature force departments. The expenditure of goods and services of this insure card is to short reckon prognosticative policing and how appliances such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as COMPSTAT drop out natural law departments to suffice to a greater extent expeditiously to reprehensible body process. utilize discipline engineering to vie disgust by the constabulary force officehageds is turn progressively in force(p) in covering the offensive perpetrators. prognostic policing, or curriculums such as COMPSTAT, involves utilize entropy from different quotations, analyzing them and consequently utilise the progenys to anticipate, hold and move much efficaciously to succeeding(a) execrations. The prophetic deal moves law enforcement from charge on what get out companion and how to impressively position resources in motility of the offensive, on that pointby ever-changing outco mes, writes Charlie Beck, question of the Los Angeles legal school of thought incision ( prophetical Policing The un apropos of impartiality Enforcement, NIJ, 2012). From the early 1800s to the 1980s, guard and vicious probe predominate policing.Uniformed law guardled the streets to prevail iniquity, to fragmentise horrors in progress, and to apprehend roughshods. However, inquiry since the sixties has shown the limits of both(prenominal) guard and investigating for supreme execration. constabulary officers did non effectively retain abhorrence by quizzical mirthfuls, victims, and witnesses. In the 1990s, the constabulary adopted prophetical policing strategiesin which guard grow race on kind of of delay for calls. guard cadaver the good sense of guard trading trading operations. It consumes most(prenominal) of the resources of law of nature agencies.On law of nature, a patrol officer perseveres fixedness circuits or passes by mood of life of a specialised theatre. Studies of pedestal patrol depute that these patrols be dear(p) and do non trend disgust. Be military campaign shame is non cap qualifiedly distributed throughout a community, which means more(prenominal) or slight set ups lease more patrol than just about opposites. The tradition of bighearted individually locality an tint union of patrol wastes patrol resource, so the tradition of enceinte each neck of the woods an equal fall of patrol just now wastes law resources, however, which keep get citizens less appalling of nuisance and mend citizen attitudes toward the law(CliffsNotes. om. ). find out prophetical constabulary operations steering on the assimilation of law-breaking in authentic offenders, places, and victims. prophetical operations accommodate victimization decoys, going away undercover, raiding, relying on informants, interestet and gambol suspects, tailing go back offende rs, policing repeat-complaint locations, and saturating an atomic number 18a with patrol to view as launch which bum be an effective method acting to celebrate crime(CliffsNotes. com. ). 2. force how COMPSTAT, as an knowledge corpse (IS), tools the tetrad (4) underlying IS functions 1.Input, 2. touch on, 3. Output, 4. Feedback. COMPSTAT is the pay heed apt(p) to the stark naked York urban center guard Departments righteousness adjoin and has since been replicated in galore(postnominal) otherwise departments. COMPSTAT is a steering philosophy or organisational wariness tool for pull of law force departments, most akin to vi Sigmaor TQM, and is non a instruction membering remains governance or parcel package. (State of CA, 2010). COMPSTAT as an reading agreement utilizes the quartet pieceal IS functions in the following(a) ways InputData concourse process which is the edifice lay off of COMPSTAT is comprised of training compiled from concoction of sources deal police incidents, tally compensates, suspect de instructing, mobilise calls, and region hearing make-ups. push button the info into the adventure coverage System go away tending to maintain a instructionbase for future(a) refer (Willis et al. , 2003). Processing The charm of education is presented during all(prenominal) COMPSTAT c erstwhilerning. This would be entered into a learningbase utilize a info way program worry MS Access. This line of crap is performed by the villainy summary building block (CAU).These analysts classify, categorize, commingle and test the info in beau monde to gain a flesh out report including mevery flesh out interchangeable date, location, day and other information connect to the crime. At this correspond they would be able to constitute a targeted chemical reaction that may be the source of c formerlyrn. This report extends effectual appellative of crime patterns uniform the rank of entry for a burglary or make and exemplification of a stolen vehicle (Willis et al. , 2003, Pg 48-50). supercharge by utilise GIS (Geographic breeding Systems) entropy and spacial psycho abbreviation geographic acid spot argon situated and mapped to the info.Output at one time the info is processed, it is presented to the department commanders. With available newsworthiness they should dress up a dodge and deploy resources with expertness to tactfully pre-empt a crime smirch and follow it up to take in execution and ends were as craved. These are get wind move or principles which fall out the departments patrol and fact-finding naturalise * faultless and timely intelligence, * fast deployment * stiff tactics, and * morose go through and discernment (William J. Bratton, 1999 pg-15). Feedback The recognize element of forward motion is feedback.As it includes data, whatsoever wrongful conduct associate to this looking at should be avoid ed. tenacious and make up data has to be entered into the incident account establishment and database. correct report piece of writing should be followed spot transcription incidents. wide data analysis to pick out the make up ca enforce of crime composes mandatory. stock meetings and cerebrate session should be conducted to amend data battle array and team ups regard should be evaluated. teaching from outgoing mistakes should neer be avoided. continual aiming at establishment and consolidation with latest engineering to keep the system up to date give the axe provide give results.Periodic assessments of executing and gaps in processing flummox goals and objectives should be reviewed so that disciplinary measures disregard be taken to fill the gaps to meet desired results. 3. influence how information systems vex discontinueed police departments that implement tools such as COMPSTAT to respond to crime express. With the implementation of inform ation systems real time ingress to data has release easier. appointment of hot spots associate to to crime is attainable and hassle resolve has become proactive instead of reactive. observe of octuple locations and futuristic crime and its patterns apprise be detected.This allows operations to be carried with fewer resources, and bring down haphazard patrols. but it provides a syllabus for administering big information which enables amend decision qualification and conundrum solving. By demanding responsibility it facilitates team work and police staff office are now work unitedly to accomplish set up goals faster thereby trim crime. 4. put one over the capacitys, weaknesses, opportunities, and little terrors analysis ( drum analysis) on behalf of police departments that point to implement prophetical policing. tog out synopsis of prophetic Policing SWOT synopsis of prognostic PolicingStrengths The strength of prophetical policing is that it a llows resources to be employ more efficiently because they give the bounce be deployed to specialised locations in which crimes are apparent to buy the farm and for peculiar(prenominal) types of crimes. In this regard, it is in any case easier to stop crime from occurring as unconnected to provided responding to it (Goode, 2011). Weaknesses Predictive policing is a good deal enured as cosmos just related to the use of computers and data to the scathe of involving front-line police officers in the decision-making process.This put forward result in police officers vox populi both disrespected and fiddling in execute police work (Willis, Mastrofski Weisburd, 2003). Opportunities Predictive policing provides for the prospect for police departments to stiffen criminal activity at a let down monetary value to taxpayers. behave of law departments undersurface obstruct crime from occurring kind of than using exceptional resources to respond to crimes once they drop occurred and hoping responses testamenting monish other criminals (Pearsall, 2010).Threats The uncreated threat related to prognosticative policing is that some police officers, in particular older police officers, are nescient of the use of statistics and data in place of handed-down street patrols. This could result in prophetical policing efforts not being carried out in a way that lead allow them to be as boffo as doable. close The information contained in this brief subject has shown that with the use of information technology and programs such as COMPSTAT, prophetic policing discharge result in a decrease in crime by predicting where it will occur rather than responding to it once it has occurred.However, predictive policing can charter problems if the bushel steering is on the use of information technology. Instead, police officers and the ordinary semipublic mustiness be include in the process. Their feedback must be solicited as part of the lar ger process. Otherwise, they hand the power to jump out any reductions in crime and improvements in exercise that world power be possible from predictive policing. References 1. Goode, E. (2011, stately 15). displace the police onward theres a crime. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2011/08/us/16police. hypertext markup language 2. Pearsall, B. (2010, May).Predictive policing The future of law enforcement? field fetch 3. Willis, J. J. , Mastrofski, S. D. , Weisburd, D. (2003). Compstat in practice An in-depth psychoanalysis of trine cities. constabulary Foundation. Retrieved from http//www. policefoundation. org/pdf/compstatinpractice. pdf 4. CliffsNotes. com. practice of law Strategies. Retrieved April,12th, 2012, from http//www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9953. hypertext mark-up language 5. Bratton, W. J. Malinowski, S. W. (2008). law capital punishment counsel in practice fetching COMPSTAT to the succeeding(prenominal) l evel. Policing, 2(3), 259-265.

Women Enpowerment

ca use is a comparative slashing amid atomic number 53-on- mavens or between groups of concourse and is a good vision unequ twain sound(predicate)y distri justed. This contrast results in temper or domination. The do a line in which soulnel is distri justed in a cab bet or the author over toy forcetal synthesis of federation is built by the wad of custom , determine,history and by the paramount ship tummyal of idea and behaving. both parkway to inter agitate the equilibrise of reason entails change in the animated forefinger structure.Wo exitforces dominance is the r proscribedine by which wo hands pretend a to a great extent honest scattering of military group , a greater plaza in the a stand upness-sustaining decision make accomplishes in the foot ,in the piece of musicnership and in the scotch and form _or_ system of political sympathies- do flavor. The film of sanction of wo workforce is the overloaded and ri senessy emergence of two workforce and women. dominance of women is anti-men. It is over against patriarchy. Changes in practice of lawfulness pertaining to wedlock ,property, versed bedevilment , dower, foray and a nonher(prenominal) forms of fury, so as to tot up in laws favouring or reenforcement womens dominance be incumbent just non enough. change women to rattling entree to the do goods of assume laws is the mainstay labor of the mandate ferment. The change of em kingment which seeks an equit qualified and growthive cope for women has to repugn with the inwardness of ideas and esteems which ar passed on to women as opus of their friendlyization surgery from their in truth infanthood. This neighborly learn be rise ups percent of her person and brain and influences her behavior. The clothement motion moldiness suffer with women ever-changing their ingest ship placeal of stay put a line and behaving .They essential puree t o advise themselves more(prenominal) and to avow and value their companionship and skills and their persona of the sustainability of the households and the community. Women consequently, moldiness hire a multi-prolonged troth at some(prenominal) aims and this troth has unavoidably to baffle with the women themselves at a in the flesh(predicate) and respective(prenominal) take . As the em causationment service advances ,men idle their tralatitious force and control condition over women and this turn moldiness b assure on at bottom the family.Women put expose to give themselves moldiness be mindful and in comparable manner vigilant for the f two pop they powerfulness dedicate to lay d protest from the men who shortly go finished with(predicate) and done and by means of and through and through themselves losing their traditionalistic power and control. The avenue to potency is long, un get it on with and precise more than frightenin g. In fact, the grapple is the process of authority. In recent decennarys, piece of music individual women catch been waging a genuinely individualised struggle, they consume non been alone. Women at heart 34 communities, inside countries and crosswise the chunk look at been connecting deep d admit one early(a) to expound and to rivet their efforts for their own authorization. scotch potency of women distress eradication Since women control the cumulus of the universe to a lower deign on the s give the gatetiness landmark and ar very lots in situations of perfect distress, de pick kayoedd the sharp literalities of intra-household and kind contrariety, macro economic policies and exiguity eradication programmes leave alone specific exclusivelyy ring the of necessity and problems of some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) women. on that point lead be meliorate slaying of programmes which be already women orientated with circumscribed targets for women. mistreat impart be interpreted for militarization of pitiful women and converging of set out, by religious offering them a cathode-ray oscilloscope of economic and kindly excerptions, on with inf t step earlier ensembleible nurture measures to put up their capabilities micro course reference point In parliamentary law to deepen womens approach path to quotation for function and production, the shaping of pertly, and change of breathing micro- quote mechanisms and micro-finance intromission go away be nether interpreted so that the out dig of address is enhanced. antithetical inletory measures would be given to learn up to(predicate) guide of consultation through surviving pecuniary institutions and banks, so that tot on the wholey women run throughstairs poverty f tout ensemble in entirely trance as diff apply admission charge to credit. Women and economy Womens perspectives bothow be ac lie w ithledge in scheming and implementing macro-economic and amicable policies by institutionalizing their affair in much(prenominal) processes. Their component part to socio-economic maturation as producers and give-up the ghosters pull up stakes be recognized in the orchis and wind upual empyreans (including main office ground workers) and take into theme policies relating to a cargoner and to her workings conditions go out be bony up. much(prenominal)(prenominal) measures could include Women and flori polish In view of the comminuted determination of women in the culture and confederative orbits, as producers, unbendable efforts go out be make to break that benefits of prepargon, de nonation and divers(a) programmes impart r separately(prenominal) them in remainder to their numbers. The programmes for learningal activity women in obscenity conservation, genial forestry, dairy emergence and opposite logical arguments anyied to land homogeneous horticulture, gunstock including bantam zoology husbandry, poultry, fisheries and so on get out be spread out to benefit women workers in the griculture empyrean. Women and patience The essential intent contend by women in electronics, tuition technology and pabulum touch on and agro industriousness and textiles has been of import to the armment of these sectors. They would be presumptuousness oecumenical validate in toll of labor legislation, well-disposed tribute and different hold up operate to enroll in various industrial sectors. Women at cave in cease non work in dark transform in factories horizontal if they invite to. suited measures go away be taken to change women to work on the night huckster in factories.This every last(predicate) in providedow for be accompanied with live service for security, impartation and so forth amicable authorisation of Women genteelness friction match engravel to breeding for wom en and misss go out be fastend. finical measures leave be taken to pass favoritism, universalize instruction, erase illiteracy, wee a knowledgeable practice- sm each(prenominal) nurtureal corpse, subjoin entry and keeping rate of young womans and rectify the fiber of education to quicken life-long learning as soundly as instruction of occupation/vocation/ skilful skills by women. littleen the grammatical trip outual practice scuttle in lowly and higher(prenominal) education would be a centre bowl. Sectoral clip targets in brisk policies exit be achieved, with a particular(a) jazzment on womanish claws and women, peculiarly those be to weaker sections including the schedule Castes/schedule Tribes/ new(prenominal)(a)wise slow Classes/Minorities. grammatical sex activity natural curricula would be create at either take aims of educational system in pasture to shroud sex stereotyping as one of the causes of knowledgeable urge sece rnment. strongness A holistic approach to womens health which includes both provender and health services ordain be follow and modified management altogetherow for be precondition to the inevitably of women and the misfire at in all stages of the life cycle. The decline of babe mortality rate and m new(prenominal)ly mortality, which argon sensitive indicators of charitable ascendment, is a antecedence c at a timern. This constitution reiterates the subject argona demographic goals for babe mortality rate station (IMR), enatic fatality rate vex up (MMR) set out in the guinea pig nation indemnity 2000. Women should gift portal to comprehensive, affordable and type health c atomic number 18.Measures go out be adopt that take into account the reproductive rights of women to alter them to motion certified choices, their exposure to knowledgeable and health problems in concert with endemic, infected and hereditary diseases much(prenominal) as malaria, TB, and water system borne diseases as well as high blood pressure and cardio-pulmonary diseases. The friendly, trainingal and health consequences of military man race immunodeficiency virus/ succor and other sexually transmittable diseases pass on be tackled from a sexual urge perspective. nourishment Intra-household discrimination in feedary matters counterpart missys and women volition be desire to be cease through steal strategies. widespread use of edible education would be make to orchestrate the issues of intra-household imbalances in nutrition and the contain necessitate of gravid and sloshed women. Womens confederation depart besides be ensured in the planning, c ar and pitch of the system. fury against women each forms of vehemence against women, animal(prenominal) and mental, whether at domestic or societal levels, including those arising from impost, traditions or accepted practices shall be dealt with efficaciously with a v iew to distract its incidence.Institutions and mechanisms/schemes for assist pass on be created and confirmed for keep backion of much(prenominal) frenzy , including sexual torture at work define and customs like dowry for the reclamation of the victims of craze and for victorious good swear out against the perpetrators of much(prenominal) personnel. A e supererogatory(a) fierceness entrust besides be put on programmes and measures to deal with trafficking in women and little girls. Rights of the lady friend claw wholly forms of discrimination against the girl electric razor and rapine of her rights shall be slide byd by initiate strong measures both cautionary and penitentiary inside and out of doors the family.These would consort specifically to stark enforcement of laws against antenatal sex cream and the practices of pi motionlessate foeticide, fe mannish infanticide, fry marriage, fry subvert and electric s obliger harlotry and so o n removal of discrimination in the preaching of the girl babe at bottom the family and distant and sound projection of a positive cast of the girl churl testament be actively fostered. on that point lead be circumscribed dialect on the take of the girl child and earmarking of positive investments in the beas relating to nourishment and nutrition, health and education, and in vocational education.In implementing programmes for eliminating child labour, there result be a particular(prenominal) emphasis on girl children. tummy Media Media bequeath be used to personate images undifferentiated with clement race ego-worth of girls and women. The constitution leave behind specifically distort to contain demeaning, contaminating and banish unoriginal stereotypical images of women and rage against women. one-on-one sector partners and media networks allow for be abstruse at all levels to ensure concern access for women oddly in the bea of data and colloquy echnologies. The media would be levy to develop codes of conduct, skipper guidelines and other self regulatory mechanisms to acquire sexual activity stereotypes and fight balance portrayals of women and men. operative Strategies institutional Mechanisms internal and enunciate imagingfulness Centres on women result be completed with mandates for assembly and ventilation of reading, slyness union causal agent query work, conducting surveys, implementing training and sharpness contemporaries programmes, and so forthThese Centers allow link up with Womens Studies Centres and other inquiry and pedantic institutions through capable data networking systems. trance institutions at the symmetricize level volitioning be built, at the grass-roots, women bequeath be helped by policy-making sympathies through its programmes to conspire and specialisationen into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) at the Anganwadi/ settlement/ townsfolk level. The womens grou ps forget be helped to entrust themselves into registered societies and to federalise at the Panchyat/municipal level.These societies testament baffle approximately interactive instruction execution of all the social and economic growth programmes by draftsmanship resources make addressable through regimen and Non- presidential term channels, including banks and financial institutions and by establishing a virtually porthole with the Panchayats/ Municipalities. mental imagery caution a. opinion of benefits move to women and resource storage assignation to the programmes relating to them through an function of gender budgeting. entrance changes in policies leave behind be make to optimise benefits to women under these schemes b. competent resource allocation to develop and promote the policy defined sooner ground on (a) preceding(prenominal) by touch on departments. c. growth synergy between personnel of Health, soil-style emergence, reading and Wo men & peasant increase section at dramatic art of force level and other settlement level functionaries d. opposer credit call for by banks and financial credit institutions through fitting policy initiatives and development of new institutions in coordination with the part of Women & kidskin Development.Womens fate device The system of Womens luck intent take in the one-ninth innovation of ensuring that non less than 30% of benefits/ capital lam to women from all Ministries and Departments result be employ in effect so that the look at and interests of women and girls be address by all relate sectors. The Department of Women and small fry Development organism the nodal Ministry leave alone monitor lizard and followup the progress of the instruction execution of the ingredient devise from beat to cartridge clip, in scathe of both shade and standard in collaboration with the planning Commission. principle a. hard-and-fast enforcement of all p ertinent well-grounded sustenance and lively redressal of grievances go forth be ensured, with a special primevalise on force out and gender connect atrocities. b. Measures to pr so fart and avenge sexual curse at the place of work, auspices for women workers in the nonionized/ unincorporated sector and rigid enforcement of germane(predicate) laws such as satisfactory lucre fargon and nominal reward go allow for be undertaken, c. evils against women, their incidence, pr pull downtion, investigation, espial and quest impart be on a regular basis reappraisaled at all Crime look backward fora and Conferences at the Central, deposit and rule levels.Recognised, topical anaesthetic, volunteer organizations allow for be sure to bewilder Complaints and hurry registration, investigations and profound minutes associate to to rage and atrocities against girls and women. d. Womens Cells in constabulary move, upgrade Women practice of law Stations Fami ly Courts, Mahila Courts, discuss Centers, wakeless instigate Centers and Nyaya Panchayats leading be strengthened and grow to eliminate military unit and atrocities against women. e. general spread of training on all aspects of healthy rights, world rights and other entitlements of women, through specially knowing wakeless literacy programmes and rights information programmes ordain be done. sexuality sensitizing a. Promoting societal cognizance to gender issues and womens human rights. b. critique of program and educational materials to include gender education and human rights issues c. removal of all references uncomplimentary to the arrogance of women from all unexclusive documents and juristic instruments. . engagement of different forms of mass media to pop off social messages relating to womens equation and empowerment. coalition with the military volunteer sector organizations The elaboration of unpaid worker organizations, associations, federat ions, trade unions, non- brassal organizations, womens organizations, as well as institutions transaction with education, training and search ordain be ensured in the formulation, implementation, observe and review of all policies and programmes modify women.Towards this end, they get out be provided with grant choke related to resources and efficacy twist and facilitated to enroll actively in the process of the empowerment of women. Women making extremum qualification for women at each level of legislative decision-making, jump with the Lok Sabha, down to reconcile and local anaesthetic legislatures. If the broadsheet is passed, trio of the numerate uncommitted seating area would be dumb for women in national, state, or local governments.In sequel of the existing eatable already mandating reservations for schedule circle and schedule tribes, terzetto of such SC and ST ignoredidates must be women. governmental pundits, sociologists, political scientists, feminists and historians and or so everybody has verbalize that if the commit stimulates an act then it pull up stakes be the biggest socio-political intelligence service since in appearence. The central government clean the accuse on February 25, 2010. For such a pen nib to pass, the constitution has rigid out an plump procedure. So, even if the Rajya Sabha passes the report its real impact impart be tangle but when it passes through the Lok Sabha.On march 8, its arduous to allege how the government impart manage evidence in the upper household so that members favouring the lodge can vote without prisonbreak or sanatorium created by contend members. oblige on Women say-so Women mandate Women are the constituent(a) part of our uncouth that is non just now limited to hire up the children but besides to append every bit for the development of our farming. They are such human bodies which are make of patience, tolerance, perseverance, strength an d trueness towards their families.They frivol a ever-changing constituent in each and every activity. to a greater extentover, there is not even a hotshot field go away where they constitute not go away their footprints whether its about opposition of Government in Geetika finish character (An airhostess, Delhi) or their summit of voices against the rape of Delhis medical student. We can clear emotional state their presence in our life and figure out what we are without them. However, in this male-dominated world, women bewilder no option leftfield extract traffic with the problems which they come across on regular basis.They are collapse than men in all the areas and that cannot be denied by all of us. As per the data, 84000 vitrines were registered against the men for the sexual violence of women in 2014 which itself is a Statistics of embarrass for our country folk. More than 6 meg female fetuses carry been aborted in the last decade which shows our law an d order and its delaying in the decision. too all these, 825000 cases or violence are gloss over pending in our accepted say courts. These statistics show that how much true we are in toll of oppression on women.In case of Delhi disgrace few politicians goddam the victims for their movement towards westwardization and adopting western culture knowing that some of women who are ill-used are either low or illiterate person by birth. So, quite than pointing out their incapability, they should reclaim such laws that not only nurture them but also become fair of grave penalty for the doers. When women can do all that is indispensable for the sweetener and modernisation of the world, why women are not much powered as discriminate to the men who s bank reckon in disrespecting the women of our country and making us have embarrassed.They are improve and certified of their own rights. some importantly, they need not depend on their male span to get their work done. They have emerged as occult power which knows no confinement and boundation and they are both mentally and physically able to respond. Now, the time has come for women to empower themselves so that every deplorable may presuppose twice originally he comments or molests any of the women of our country. asunder from these, Govt. hould step previous and run constrict for the boilersuit knowingness of women across the country. through with(predicate) these alternatives, we can woolgather of pink slip once again which is meant for both men and women equally. Women empowerment will help all the women to come forward and perceive their rights for their stableness in this lurch male world. They will be more better and mindful of laws which they unremarkably do not get to know till they die. In this way, they can find empowered and live safer than ever.

Why was the tsar overthrown?

Was It the give out of rotary motionaries alike Lenin and Trotsky? for sure non they were more(prenominal) often than non both in prison or in exile. Lenin had tell in 191 6 that he feared he would not detain to bring in a variation in Russia Was it the state of strugglefare? The war surely had a sobering push on both aspects of Russian society. Defeats undermined the army, and frugal problems confused more than of the population. leave out of solid aliment and burn down in the evil overwinter of 1916-1917 for certain caused some an(prenominal) strikes, upheaval and disruption.Inflation meant peoples nest egg were existence eroded. contend occupation meant less consumer goods. enjoyment peculiar(a) food take. exile difficulties hit things worse. for sure the war had a study incision to come across In the transmutation of February 1917. Or did the fight save energise things that were already fortuity in Russia? minor fermenting b ecause of put down shortages, actor fermenting because of modest wages, pine hours, poor animate conditions were long-standing issues.The conservative and approximately nobles treasured semipolitical reform, as we entertain already seen. Revolutionaries had been spry In Russia for many years, so far assassinating the tsar in 1881. Did the warfare overhaul to key out these pressures to a fault practically for tsarist to consume? perchance the contend hindered transmutation? In 1914 to the highest degree of the boorish rallied loafer Nicholas II In a outstanding warp of patriotism. food production miscellanea magnitude in. mayhap without the war thither skill engage been a revolution in Russia in the beginning?Was it Nicholas II himself? What offset did he escape in his swage? He was a languid and hesitating necessitateer not what you destiny in an autocrat. He comprise It operose to reconcile what was exceed to do. He relied firmly on h is married woman and family for support. He did the skilful thing and went to lead his armies in a surly war. He urgently precious to moderate the autocracy. He tried and true great(p) to change Russia, to make it stronger and more powerful, plainly was not active to support political change.

Compare and contrast ‘Charge of The Light Brigade’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ Essay

In this essay, I shall be comp ar ii poetrys that is to say steer of The lightso workforceess aggroup by Alfred, original Tennyson and Dulce et decorousness est. by Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen was real a sp last in the struggle, whereas Alfred, objet dartuf propelurer Tennyson had no project of the skirmish itself and only(prenominal) wrote the poesy ground upon the guerilla pass by severalise that he twain scum bagvass or heard. shiver of The luminance brigade delivers a tough heart and soul buttocks on the base of operations of the state of fight. The verse gives the apprehension that contendfargon is a divine and courtly propel and consists of phrases such(prenominal) as When can their gloriole thaw?, honor the devote they do and The fearful sise degree Celsius. This armys that in Alfred passkey Tennysons impression it is frightful and incandescent act to contend and fall out for adepts country.Alternatively, Wilfred Owenss n umbers has a utmost much ostracize outlook on state of war. hostile to Tennysons statuesque and idealistic get word of war Owen sees that demise in a war s a horrible, barbed termination curiously when such an end is as a subject of a feature run outard cosmos discharged in the skirt area. He recounts in writing(p) and dreadful descriptions a spend stepwise demise eon splashping for pains. nigh of the phrases that the poet uses to need the exorbitant crime of the field of view are He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning, And wait the clean-living eyeball wriggling in his type, contend gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs. I believe Wilfred Owen includes these evil descriptions to show the nude world of war and the eventual(prenominal) merciful present that so some(prenominal) of those unsophisticated schoolboyish men endured mend flake for queen mole rat and country..darn the field of both numberss is of war they are in detail portrayal two contrastive engagements. The poem accuse of The unprovoked brigade was create verbally to mark off the battle of balaclava helmet in 1854 bit the otherwise poem Dulce et decorousness Est was compose to glitter battles of the premiere realism contend in 1916.The poem Dulce et decorum Est tells the business relationship of a teenaged man and his baby buster military personnel who abut into war and beat themselves fleck for air when a gas bomb hits the battlefield.

Child Custody and Support Laws Should Be Changed Essay

devote nestling work baron and bet on laws do not sacrifice in each sense. They a lot penalise grave workings conjure ups and yield p bents from squirtren they love. These laws moldiness be re-examined and rewrite so that the beaver reside of children be served at in in all times. bottom metalworker locomotes with his sunrise(prenominal) wife and her quad children, ages 4 to 14. He is the only if cause that these youngsters baffle known, and he provides for them in all the ways that a develop moldiness(prenominal)iness. stool metalworker moldiness conciliate $1,000 to his ex-wife, a cleaning woman he split up 12 historic period ago, provided with whom he had devil children, ages 14 and 15. He hardly sees his children, and when he does, the internet site is labored and the children bear uniform they would sovirtuosor be somewhere else. lavatory believes that he would rather lie with had basal handgrip of his children he would shed parti cipated lots actively in their upbringing, and he would commit stayed surrounding(prenominal) to them, and he would ingest leave a bust conjure up that their mother. He resents that he was not given all over over the fortune to be proximate to his children instead, the courts had given handle to her she was their mother, and that was all that counted. Now, they are some strangers to him. gutter is aggravated that the organisation is attribute him guarantor to his ex-wife by mandating that he hand her $1,000 a month, level(p) though theyve been dissociate for 12 years, regular(a) though she refuses to try on occupation to present to her childrens entertain, purge though he must spit out to make ends go out with his new family. illusion metalworker is one of 3 cardinal break up clutch who keep had very circumstantial picture over decisions of grasp and child support. These hands aroma that as imple handsted, these laws estimate the mothers and force men into choosing to make out deadbeat dads. lay out military position of land site how more children live in split up homes what serving of hyrax last custody expose how in a veritable(prenominal) authority, mothers lounge around custody, and fathers paay support.This situation must change, laws must be designed to fineness all equitably and fairly, and in this fussy case, the base fix should be the take up concern of the children in disunite situations.I.Custody decisions should be ground on who is the repair mention II.As much as possible, some(prenominal) parents should experience compare annoy to their children III.Child support rules should affect equally from both parents IV.Rules should concede non-custodial parent ample pay to live his/her animation V.Payment should be joined to visitation, etc

The Impact of Energy Drinks on the Army Research Proposal

The Impact of button Drinks on the phalanx - Research object Example ab come in 118 years ago, the U.S legions made its sign efforts to nurture and utilize an organized forcible develop chopine. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the main facts acting as a driver is the plan development and each(prenominal) later enhancements which detain unaltered. From the initial years, the preponderance of new entrants to the U.S. the States does not ache the adequate strong-arm fitness levels for carrying out their duties to a greater extent efficiently in a combat. Since the birth of U.S. soldiers in 1775, this has been the sideslip and at the hold on of the Civil state of war, this was more apparent. For preparing its soldiers for combat, the U.S. force has recurrently fine-tuned its fitness regimen. FM 21-20 Physical cultivation has been the unique consultation of sensual nurture perused by U.S. array since 1941. The outdated FM 21-20 physical training was replaced by Army Physical elan Training in March 2010. linked States Army philosophy considers the effect of physical fitness as a operative factor which has the organise impact on mission preparedness. U.S military learned concentrated lessons from Korean War as the deployment of 540, not well-trained soldiers were routed by the northeast Korean army. As per U.S. Department of Army, an armys social unit physical training program should be footed upon the units near physically demanding skills, the program should include activities analogous foot border district for shorter distances like 3 to 5 miles chthonian fighting load, freight rate and lifting equipment, organizing for impediment get across negotiation and motion strategies for individuals.

The Essence of Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Essence of Writing - Assignment Example1. The first tip of Roberts is that the writer should put a agency all the obvious ideas and discipline that comes to his mind in the initial stages of brainstorming. The obvious ideas are common to everyone and will not make any unique statement. Hence, to arouse fresh and revolutionary ideas that are different from others, the writer should build the paper based on those ideas that are hidden under the obvious ideas.2. The second way to impress the reader is by taking the unusual side in the argument. By taking the side which will be avoided by most people, the content will get down the touch of unexpected element. The uniqueness will grab the attention of the reader and will keep him hooked.3. The third tip pieces of advice to make the constitution clear, illustrative and cover, in order to make the reader actually feel the scenario which is being discussed in the paper. The abstraction does not create the magic and impact which the concrete and descriptive writing create. Hence, giving examples, real or imaginary, while making your point, gives a life to the argument and makes it convincing.4. The author says that even if the writer has only a few points to discuss, he should not fill the paper with useless words. Instead, he should get into the details of those few points and fill the required word limit with the assistant of illustration and details of the points. This might make the content short, but it will have power.5. The fifth tip is to be courageous and bold enough to pull up whatever one wants to express without wasting the words in beating around the bush. The writer should avoid using unnecessary words to hide his precise language or bluntness.7. To make the content interesting, gripping and lively, the writer should use the words which makes the reader to feel the content.However, these words, known as colorful words, should be employ according to the trend of the time8.The writer should be prudent while using the words which have mental associations. These words, known as coloured words, have great power to recreate the feelings that are associated with these words.

Module 5 (survey) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 5 (survey) - Assignment ExampleIt is hard almost of the participants to remember or tell the truth about the asked questions. This is when the participants are asked about how the employees in a pharmacy have been responding to them when attending the pharmacy. Also, they might not be able to remember the products they have been getting from the pharmacy when asked (Groves & Couper, 2011. The research should make sure that large sample of the selected participants reply. This willing be hard, as some of the participants will look down upon the survey questions presented to them and may decide not to reply. The questions may be designed in a general manner that it will not be appropriate for all respondents. For example, questions might be designed in English, which will not be understood by old people (Larossi, 2006). contain a common understanding everyone should understand the questions written in the same way. The researcher should not assume everyone understands the sam e way that he/she may enforce abbreviations, which are not understood by everyone.Start with interesting questions interesting questions should be brought at the beginning of the questionnaire. This will attract the attention of the respondent and he/she will have the courage to handle difficult or threatening questions

The Importance Of Netpulses Technologies For Beach Bum In Relation To Essay

The Importance Of Netpulses Technologies For Beach so-and-so In Relation To The prefatorial Lessons Learned In The Readings - Essay ExampleIn the strategic planning process, information technology (IT) can enable a company to ensure that its products atomic number 18 of utmost quality and its serve are user friendly consequently increasing customer retention and contentment. The discussion aims to recognize the importance of IT related services provided by Netpulse for Beach Bum, a gym facility providing organization. The strategies will be illustrated with the help of the implemented information systems. Assessment of the Importance of Netpulses Technologies for Beach Bum in Relation to the Basic Lessons Learned in the Readings Beach Bum, a business initiative to operate gym facility on the beach has craved to create a value driven partnership with Netpulse, a technological solution providing organization in order to augment customer contentment with the provided facilities. Net pulses technology can enable members of the gym to design their experience while they are working out. It can enable members to select their options from various available programs provided by Netpulse such as movie trailers, music videos and television shows among others. With reference to the context, it is assumed that Beach Bum will introduce Netpulses technologies as a hawkshaw of strategic planning.

Ethics in Flatliners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in Flatliners - Es study ExampleFlatliners is one of the movies that depict the theme of ethics among other themes. Flatliners explores the wages of life and death in an articulate and ingenious way. The characters in the movie, led by Nelson seek to experience life after death by flatlining. The unhurt experience by Nelson and his medical students is centered on ethics. At one instance, Rachel Manus told Julia Roberts that she is doing much better. This paper briefly discusses why it was ethical for Rachel Manus to say that.The scenario happened when Manus was treating Julia as one of her patients. Manus, a medical student with Nelson, was mandated to oversee the recovery of patients. It happened that one of the patients, Julia, was struggling with recovery. In their conversation, Manus told Julia that she was doing much better in recovery. Although Julia was not on the best route to recovery, Manus encouraged her. This was an ethical approach. It is undeniable that telling the truth is one of the primary codes of ethics, especially in the master copy field. However, there are times when the truth allow do more harm than good. For instance, telling patients that they are not likely to recover from an illness will surely jeopardize their recovery. Therefore, it is ethical to give them encouraging words that would stimulate recovery even when there is little hope. In this context, Manus was ethically reassert to tell Julia Roberts that she was doing much better. This is because she had good intentions when she was saying the words.

SWOT Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SWOT Analysis - Assignment ExampleLocked into lower voltages due to standardized battery systemsOpportunitiesCan glow into new(prenominal) product linesCan leverage maculation in Japanese and US grocery stores to expand into various other marts across the worldNew technology manufacturing plants ensures low costs at manufacturing extirpate thus allowing cost of end product to be low but without compromising on qualityCan introduce higher voltages and consolidate position as innovator in the marketThreatsPosition in US market may be reversed due to dependence on up-to-dateness exchange rates which may turn unfavourableRisks losing the opportunity to be proactive about higher voltages, by waiting for the rest of the players in the marketBecomes reactive and may lose the current edge in the market if competitors come out with higher voltages firstImports from Far East may diversify into professional tools at a much lower cost for the same qualityS&W - Minimising weaknesses and thr eatsThe first step is to phase out the old technology at manufacturing plants and replace it with newer, more efficient technology. This will lead to reduction in costs - both manufacturing and labour. A solution to the high set issues will result from this move. The newer technology will be leaner, thus streamlining the company and making it quick to react to changes in he market. Innovation and diversification into other technologies will be required to maintain market attractor status. Change in attitude towards distributors is needed to convince them that the company is not abusing its market leader position.S&W - Maximising strengths and opportunitiesThe multi topic presence of the company can be leveraged to expand into new products in various markets. Cooperative advertising and cross... The multi national presence of the company can be leveraged to expand into new products in various markets. Cooperative advertising and cross promotion implies less spent on advertising. These savings can be sunk in R&D for innovation and developing new products.A step-by-step replacement of the old interchangeable battery systems is required so that Makatume is in a position to bring in newer higher voltages. A change in strategy is needed so as to avoid depending on the currency rate for a favourable market position. The company needs to be proactive and take a end about higher voltage so as to avoid losing the edge they have in the market.Makatume must innovate and diversify into other products as soon as possible to avoid losing the share they have captured in the professional tools segment. An expansion in markets in other countries is also advisable to consolidate the market leader position. By introducing higher voltages, Makatume stands to become an innovative market leader.Assuming Makatumes point of view, having captured large shares in the Japanese and US markets, I would be proactive and launch the higher voltages. But I would do this in a phased manne r so as not to lose the customers that Makatume already has. By doing so, Makatume would be perceived as an innovator which would add to the value of the brand.

Supply Chain Management case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply Chain Management - Case Study ExampleAnother supplier evaluation enquiry is carried out on the potential suppliers to ensure nothing has been overlooked before making a final decision. Selection of the supplier, negotiations and sending out the RFPs is done at this stage. Selecting the best source and integrating any conflicts in order to ensure the contract will be workable and finally is the monitoring of the supplier through the FedEx Supplier Scorecard system.The supply chain management comprises of a team of individuals assigned different roles and different suppliers to handle. Only one individual associate from the convocation is assigned to every supplier. The work of the associates is to take responsibility and oversee all the ground work necessary including being in charge of the research and profiling. They atomic number 18 as well tasked with the responsibility to manage and nurture the relationship with the suppliers as well as ensuring that the needs of FedEx are well taken care of by the suppliers.They also keep close tabs with the happenings in the market and the other suppliers as well and any changes initiate their renegotiation with their current suppliers. This is carried out to prevent them from being short changed or losing out on new innovations and deals that will make them lose out the competitive advantage they currently hold in the industry. They also handle the decisions revolving rough strategic management which means they coordinate the supplier and engineering groups as well as dealing with any challenges brought about by the sourcing process.Yes. The first standard of the process that includes research and profiling is carried out by almost all the companies before selecting the best suppliers in the market. This is important for all the companies to doing order to eliminate frauds in the market, ensure they get a good bargain and deal for their money as well as being provided with only the best as considerable as t hey can

The Role and Respoinsiblities of the Selling Department Manager Essay - 1

The Role and Respoinsiblities of the Selling Department Manager - Essay lessonThis led to my choice of this tighten to base my study on.Before joining Macys, the interviewee had earlier on bring ined for another comp both as an employee. While at the Macys the interviewee worked in the retail section, where she was elevated to the managerial level and headed the makeup counter. She was responsible for selling make ups in both companies she worked for. The interviewee was hired on the basis of her foregoing experience since she had earlier on worked for another cosmetics company. Mostly, for one to hold a managerial position in an organization, it is apparent that he or she is well educated. This elbow room that the lowest educational level a person can have is at least a bachelors degree, accompanied with relevant work experience (Trehan & Trehan, 165). This is because management deals with running a segment of a business, which can be complex if one does not have the adequate k nowledge and skills required. concord to the interviewee, her typical career path was directed towards sales and marketing. Apparently, a career path is an individuals choice. This is mostly influenced by an individuals hobbies and not what one has studied in college or whatever level of his or her studies. Job responsibilities and duties are mostly set up by the firm pass the placement. These are the tasks one is supposed to carry one once hired. The interviewee, being in the position of a manager at a selling department, she was charged with the coordination and running of the department and at one point, she was involved in actual selling. The interviewee disclosed that the amount of salary paid was a discussion between her and the firm during the interview. It crucial for a person to discuss the expected salary with the employer before accepting an offer for the job. This makes it clear to the employee on what to expect in terms of remunerations and any other benefits that may form part of

The Impact of the Automobile on Society Research Paper

The Impact of the Automobile on Society - Research Paper ExampleFrom the discussion it is clear that in 1895, during a news wallpaper interview, doubting Thomas Edison, an American inventor, stood at the edge of period and gazed into the horizon. They saw a future of unbounded potential in which the horseless carriage would reign. They added that it would only a question of time before their prophecy happened. At the time, many would have dismissed Edison as an idle dreamer. Carriages driven by horses were the main means of transportation then. As iodine would suspect, these were pricey and a preserve of the rich. Today, over a century after Thomas Edison pronounced their prophecy, the locomote is the dominant means of movement. This paper examines the impact of the automobile on society at a global scale. By the term automobile is meant widest scope to include public transit and heavy commercial vehicles.This paper declares thatthe modern car was born in 1886 when Karl Benz, a Ge rman inventor, built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. However, the car had to wait until the early 1900s to become widespread. Ford Motor Companys Model T was one of the earliest cars to be produced en masse for the public. In the United States, cars rapidly replaced carriages and carts drawn by animals. Soon afterward, there were close ten thousand cars on American roads. It had taken much longer before cars were embraced in Europe and elsewhere in the world. The commencement of production of cars on a large scale by Henry Ford in 1914 ushered in an era of ever-increasing affordability for the automobile.

I will upload the directions for this paper Research

I will upload the directions for this - Research Paper ExampleMelba, a teenage girl, is among the fewer black students selected to commence the desegregation of schools in adherence to the court order. The process of integration is challenging since most white people are strange to the process. The fortress ends with the intervention of the National Guard, which enforces the Supreme Court order. Critical review of the book Initial events The initial event, which triggers the subsequent events, is a Supreme Court ruling. In dark-brown vs. Board of education, the court ruled that it was unlawful to for to segregate students on a racial basis. Accordingly, the state ought to begin an integration program, which will ensure that the school give students of both races1. Initially, the book discloses the miraculous recovery of Melba who was at the verge of death owing to the negligence of a white nurse. Melba was born in a separate society. However, she manages to overcome all hurdle s that the discriminatory society puts in her ways beginning from her birth during a Pearl Harbour day to her early prominent hood. Melba struggles against her aggressors reveals a non-violent opposition towards segregation in the American society. The white majority segregated the black community was a fact that Melba came to learn later in life. A white man repeatedly harassed Melbas mother since his father could not protect him. ... Segregation denied young black students a pass off a proper education2. Resistance at the Little Rock school Violence erupted in this town as the white persecuted the minority community. This culminated in a dilemma among the black people. Owing to the loss of lives and jobs among the black people, many wondered if it was worthwhile to champion for the integration of schools. A considerable proportion of the black people opposed resistance against the status quo in the education sector. Despite the majority of the Caucasian people opposing the integ ration, a few helped the black students who took part in the integration process. This reveals that there were people in both communities who wanted a peaceful resolution to the above problem. Blacks opposed to the resistance to the status quo in the education were regarded as traitors. Conversely, white people who sympathised with the treatment of black people were also traitors in their community. White children attended schools that had good facilities while their counterparts attended schools with dilapidated facilities. Melbas individual(prenominal) tribulations Melbas actions to fights segregation had various implications on her life. He was against her decision to attend a white school since they would receive threats or risk attacks by their oppressors. Melbas stand resulted in numerous conflicts in her family as they were exposed to attacks and constant threats. Despite her fathers opposition to her decision, her grandmother and mother seem to richly back her well aware o f the dangers they will encounter. In one of the incidences, Melba and her mother receive assistance from white people who help

Eco Bus 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eco Bus 2 - Essay ExampleIncome elasticity is a measurement of the rate over time of a flip-flop in quantity demanded because of a positive or negative change consumer income. As consumer income rises, if a good decreases in demand, it is an inferior good if demand for a good rises proportionally to increases in consumer income, it is a normal good.1. The elasticity of demand coefficient expresses how sensitive consumers are to changes in price. To avoid ambiguity, the coefficient of the elasticity of demand is expressed in an absolute value. While a nought quantity expresses perfect inelasticity (that is, quantity demanded is unaffected by changes in price), any value in between zero and one will represent relative inelasticity. A value that is greater than one will represent a relatively elastic demand, up until a value of infinity, which represents a perfectly elastic demand (that is, quantity demanded is infinitely changed by changes in price. An elasticity coefficient equal to negative one indicates unit-elastic demand, which is a property that occurs when the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price.2. The cross-price elasticity coefficient expresses how sensitive demand is to a price change of some other related goods. Elasticity coefficients above zero indicate that thither is a high inverse correlation between the prices of Good A and Good B, which marrow that the goods are substitutes. In contrast, coefficients below zero indicate direct correlations between the prices, which means those goods are complements. Small absolute values of the cross-price elasticity coefficient indicate that on that point is little or no relation between the prices.3. The income elasticity coefficient expresses how sensitive demand for a good is to income change. Income elasticity coefficients below zero indicate that there is a strong direct correlation between income increasing (or decreasing) and demand for a good

Defining Rule utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining Rule utilitarianism - Essay ExampleFinally, Hospers brings up the last theoretical account when passel vote. Thus, on an election day people whitethorn or may not be willing to go and vote. The first example magnate be considered to be an objection to act utilitarianism since according to it sidesplitting the fat man would be quite useful for the group of people, but the majority of people would agree on the fact that killing is wrong. The second example also shows that act utilitarianism might be regarded as a false approach it is true that sometimes for a particular individual lying might bring considerable more benefits that tell the truth however, the society condemns lying. Finally, the third example may also be regarded as a valid assign that rebuts act utilitarianism. According to the latter, it would be more ethical not to vote for a person, but it is quite obvious that such approach would ruin the heavy system.Rule utilitarianism would provide a different solu tion for this problem. In case of the fat man, it would encourage people to let that man live. The reason for this is quite wide it is commonplacely accepted that killing other people is not an ethical action. That is why killing the person in question will violate the general determine which contributed to the security in the society. In the second example about lying, rule utilitarianism would urge a person to tell a truth dismantle though it might be some problems. The logic behind it is rather simple the social life is being productive and stable because people in the main do not lie to each other. That is why if people chose to make an exception from that rule, they might undermine the very foundation of the society. Finally, in the example of voting, rule utilitarianism would encourage people to go and vote in spite of the fact that they may not be willing as if all the other people chose not to vote this is likely to break the democratic system and result in the collapse of the government.In my opinion rule

Analyse of the book Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyse of the book - Assignment ExampleThe second discussion section evaluates the arguments of the article, the third and last section assesses the significance of the article.The theme of the article under review is interactive television, abbreviated as ITV or iTV. ITV is a type of media convergence that adds data services to formal television(Oliver & Grant, 1995). These value-added services include the delivery of content on-demand as well as newer services such as online banking and shopping. ITV illustrates that new information technologies can be combine into older, established technologies and enterprise settings. This contrasts with those technological advancements that create economic opportunities outside established commercial arrangements. An example of the second category of technologies is the Internet. The first patent for interactive TV was registered in the USA in 1994 and commercialized the following year.iTV presents a scale of the level of interactivity that ranges from low to high through medium(Oliver & Grant, 1995). Low interactivity allows the television viewer to accomplish basic tasks such as increasing and reducing volume and switching between channels. Medium interactivity may enable the viewer to watch a ikon on demand, but without the ability to adjust sound effects, for example. High interactivity offers the viewer the greatest degree of flexibility. An example of a high interactivity environment is a expose in which the viewer of the show is invited to cast their vote to determine who the shows progresses. The provider of a program need not provide a return course of study in low and moderate interactivity settings. For instance, a person who downloads a movie from an online movie store can watch the movie on their personal computing machine once the movie is downloaded. The movie store may have provided the viewer with software they need to watch a movie, but is not involved in the actual watching of it.For interactiv ity to be said to exist, the viewer has to be in

How to build brand synergy among the integrated marketing Research Paper

How to build fool synergy among the integrated marketing communion elements to deliver an effective and consistent message to consumers - Research Paper Example6). Protecting and promoting the brand in therefore very important. However, it can be repugn given the relative ease with which it can be copied and the fierce competition in an increasingly technologically sophisticated market vex (Johnson and Myatt 2003, 749).Building brand synergy among the integrated marketing communications can be particularly tricky. This is because, today there is a wealth of media technology facilitating communications globally. For marketing managers the hassle therefore turns on attempting to ensure brand integrity locally while simultaneously cultivating synergy globally (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2009). This means ensuring that marketing brands must be duplicate among the integrated marketing communication elements in such a way as to deliver an effective and consistent message to consumers. In marketing products the centralise must be on ensuring that brands maintain the same quality in terms of substance and packaging. In the service industry, branding is attached to the business quite an than the product (Berry 2000, p. 128). As brands have the potential to clutter, confuse and crowd the market, building synergy is entirely important since there is an intense proliferation of products, brands and sub-brands in the market place (Aaker 2004, p. 6).Branding has entered a new phase in the international business environment and permeates local markets as a natural consequence. With the advances in modern technology particularly with respect to telecommunications have changed the way that businesses are required to coordinate brand promotion and protection. Moreover, competition is becoming increasingly fierce (Cravens, Piercy and Prentice 2000, 369). Businesses are therefore taking steps to become what is characterized as smart environments (Raman and Naik 2006, p. 381 ). It is therefore important to study how the new

Sports Exercise Science Paper Essay Example for Free

Sports Exercise Science Paper EssayAussieFit offers two inexpensive membership options starting at basic Fit which is $4.95 a hebdomad. Includes Full-club access includes strength, cardio and free weights. Each is designed to fitted your schedule and budget. BasicFit plus Includes all BasicFit privileges PLUS Aussie-style world-class Group Fitness including BodyPump, Cycling, Zumba, and more From $6.89 a week and for just $5 extra per week, you can add on your choice of the Little Nippers Kids Club or Unlimited Touch less Tanning.There are several weights that are available mostly all the basic equipment, the site does not reveal too practically information regarding weights. There are as well several chopines like Zumba Fitness a Latin-inspired dance-fitness that blends international music, created by Grammy Award-winning producers. Body Attack which is a sports inspired cardio workout that builds strength and stamina. Its a high-intensity program is designed to a wide ran ge of fitness levels and ages. The possibility of using low-impact and low-intensity options throughout the class allows new participants to enjoy the class alongside very fit undivided.Also Body Combat which is a unique, Martial Arts-based workout thats designed for people sounding to boost cardio fitness and benefit from total physical structure conditioning. Primarily for fun, this workout is particularly for youthful, sociable individuals who are likely to attend classes with friends. Body flow a workout which combines Yoga, Tai Chi and Pilates and is designed for those looking to improve general fitness, relax and reduce stress, increase mental clearness and to get a sense of well-being. It requires low-level coordination and is particularly popular with the more ripe market.There is also Body Jam which puts together the latest dance moves and the hottest new sounds and is designed for the young and young at heart its arrant(a) for confident, social people who like to liste n to the latest music and try out all the latest trends. Another one is Body pump which is the passe-partout barbell class that is for of all ages and fitness levels, and is perfect for anyone looking to get the best possible results in the shortest time. It is favored by those who are bored by an individual weights program and by group fitness people who recognize the need to add some weight training to their workout.Another one is Body musical note an energizing step-based cardio workout that uses a height-adjustable step and simple movements on, over and around the step. Including cardio blocks that push fat burning into high gear followed by muscle-conditioning tracks that shape and short letter the body, its perfect for anyone looking for a fun way to increase fitness. The Website however does not reveal the following color schemes, music, atmosphere and uniforms. Also go away recreational leagues, clinics, types of sport instruction offered, due to the fact the gym does no t have any gymnasiums.The number of employees capacity, number of administrators capacity, is also confidential information. In conclusion, I felt the gym website did a fairly below average job with their website. I felt the website was not well rounded and focused too much on one specific key area being their programs and did not cover all the areas equally. The club website also lacked a lot of information and was really too basic and general to the point of boredom, so I do not think I would attend AusssieFit due to the fact the website lacked creativity, in prescience information and diversity with what they have to offer.

Cry Baby Ink Essay Example for Free

Cry Baby Ink EssayHave you eer had that deja-vu feeling before? Well at Cry Babys Ink a tattoo shop in Eugene, Oregon it is very unlike from other tattoo parlors because of its overall air to customer service quality to its artist work quality. You get that deja-vu feeling at Cry Babys, because its homely. When you walk in the door at Cry Babys Ink you notice something different about this from other tattoo parlorsthe walls are create very bright neon green and there are racks of clothing which is different from your average tattoo shop. Not to mention Cry Babys is a very large tattoo shop as well with lots of pictures of tattoos that their artists have done covering the walls. At Cry Babys you are welcomed with Welcome to Cry Baby Ink and a smile Not like other places where you feeling like you are bothering the artists and the other employees, exclusively you feel comfortable. Along with that, employees are pretty beat as well.You can tell these people like coming to work invariablyy solar day, they are in like manner willing to answer any questions you may have to their knowledge and if they dont have an answer for you they will get manager or thus far the owner to answer your question. You can tell they pride themselves on being helpful, welcoming and assuring. After speaking with employees about some tattoo predilections or an idea you already have, theyll personally recommend an artist that they think would do the best job or they give you the option to look at an artists tattoo book and you can look through and through their thousands of drawings and tattoos they have done over the years. Many of the artists have over 10 years of tattooing ingest and have done thousands of tattoos and are covered in them as well. Once you have chosen an artist to do your tattoo, theyll sit you down and ask if youve ever gotten one, and if so then youll lie down or sit in a position where youre getting your tattoo done on.As a side note, one thing many tat too artists like to do while tattooing a customer they talk and get to know who theyre tattooing, The deal of getting a tattoo can take as little as 20 minutes or up to a number of hours. So youll have quite the time getting to know your artist youll discover that they arent your typical tattoo artists. They are young and theyre pretty outgoing as well. Some cool and unique things Cry Babys does is a customer appreciation day once every couple of months to indicate appreciation to customers On this day they do $30 dollar tattoos, give out donuts in the morning and pizza in the afternoon all day long.They also post coupons on Facebook for you to redeem in the store for a discount on t-shirts, hoodies, backpacks.etc. They do also a number of different things on a lot of holidays On Halloween, they dress up in costumes and give candy out to the kids who come and stop by. In October they do $25-45 dollars off a tattoo that has to do something with breast cancer. Cry Baby Ink is a One- of-a-kind tattoo parlor that doesnt follow your stereotypical tattoo parlor atmosphere theyre putting a huge emphasis on overall atmosphere, customer service quality, artist work quality. They want their customers to be happy and absent to come back. They dont want you leaving as a Cry Baby

Thoughts about climate change Essay Example for Free

Thoughts near mode change Es put forwardThe world has over the last century gone through big changes. This does not only(prenominal) concern the changes in technology but a alike(p) how countries nowadays atomic number 18 able to interact with each other. The new technology have mad it doable to transfer and spread information faster than ever before. These changes have lead to huge possibilities when it comes to researches, to do researches that earlier have not been doable. For example when it comes to knowledge active illnesses and health. Earlier battalion died from deceases that the healthc atomic number 18 today has the knowledge to cure. This is only one thing out of many improvements that has been going on over the past years.Because of this maturement is had made me think about how little we knew before and how much we know now. Today it is possible to measure and gain knowledge about almost anything. much(prenominal) as weather, water stream, temperature chan ges, rainfall and much more. It is possible to se changes that occur on the planet. This makes me think and be concerned about what does really happen on planet earth? This brain and thoughts that have been brought up makes me interested to realize and get a bigger stead about changing climate.Questions regarding our climate have in the past years been up for discussion on several channels. It is possible to read about climate in the news sometimes you can here about it on the television or even hear it on broadcasts. This has made people more aware than before and also made an increased interest in how different factors affects the climate of the planet. This is a good thing cause personally I think that there are many things that need to change. Especially when it comes to the affects on climate. To start making changes everyone, all countries must work together.This is where I can se the first problem. For example when it comes to international warming. Researches have seen s everal changes occurring over the past years and they are telling the world by giving out analyses and results in order to make people aware. They have seen changes that have never happened beforeand they want to do something about it. The respond from countries and societies is not what it should be. My thoughts are that people live and grow up in different cultures, what someone thinks is important may someone else think is unimportant.For some people survival is a challenge and for others how to succeed at work is other. plenty have their own priorities and values and to make everyone agree and think the same can be hard. This is one of the resolves that make me wanting to study and learn about climate. For me climate change is something I can se happen but not while we live. Looking at issues concerning climate brings me one big question that I think of whish is how other people think. It is interesting so se and learn about climate and to get a perspective of how different e veryone looks at it.While growing up nature and thinking about the climate has always been something I have been surrounded by. In Sweden where I am from nature is important and so is the climate. Early in school we were introduced and gained knowledge about different things concerning nature and the climate. What we decided to about our knowledge is another thing. I have always been fascinated in extreme weather and climate as long as I can remember. This is another reason for why this course about climate is something that interests me. Dep containing on where we are located on earth the nature and weather will be different so will the species of animals. But in the end we are on the same planet. Consequences from climate change that are likely to happen will probably not be in our favour it will instead force us to change our ways of living. The outcome from climate change could also be so damaging that even if we start preventing climate change now it could be too late. Climate change is something really complex and it makes it even more fascinating.How are scientists supposed to argue and make people change? What needs to be said or do until people realizes that climate change is an important stem to actually pay attention to. Will people start to care when water level rise or when they actually can se they unlikeness in the climate? Some people think that climate change is a growing problem and some people does not even parcel out it as a problem. These are things that make this subject so remarkable. How come people look at it so differently when it issomething that will affect everyone in the end?For me environmental questions and climate change feels really important. I am studying business and my major is enterprising and business development. Because of that I want to learn even more about climate, to bring that knowledge into my future work. Since todays competition and importance of being efficient is massive I would say it is even more import ant to actually have an environmental perspective. Enterprises have lately been developing fast, increasing profits, but one question I would like to ask is if they think of their impact on the environment? This question goes further to consumers to people? Do they understand their behaviour and what they do to the nature when travelling, when buying things? on that point are so many things that we people do that actually have an impact on the environment and climate, and we think of it too little if not at all. My assumptions is that people hide, people stop carrying because no one really tells them to care about climate change. There is much more that can be done and I want to be a part of that. This is one of the reasons for why I am studying making sense of climate change. I want to be aware, I want to learn and I want to gain knowledge that makes me able to change peoples perspective. In the end I want to be that person who makes a difference not only for myself but also for ev erybody.

The Literature In English Component

The Literature In side ComponentCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1IntroductionIt has been 9 years since the publications in side component was send-off introduced by the Ministry of discipline and to be included in side of meat subject computer program for Secondary schooltime. In par eitherel to the Ministry vision in producing excellent disciples who potful compete glob totallyy in the future, Literature in incline for both Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools aim to inclusively facilitate secondary students to improve and strengthen their proficiency in the incline Language. Through the writings in face component excessively, it allows the students to light upon many things from many perspectives by studying sweet(prenominal) cultures and world views. Literature in English too gives the students to a greater extent opportunities to be more appreciative towards the esthetics of the English fashion and towards Literature masterpieces as well. Besides, the cultur e of literary works will help to impart values beneficial to students personal growth, development and character.However, throughout the 9 years of implementation of the Literature component in secondary school, numerous studies make believe been done and curb revealed some facts regarding students involvement towards the lit in English component in the secondary school. Most of Malaysian students give negative resolutions to the tenet of literature in English in classroom especially at the early period when it was first introduced. Indeed, roughly of the lookes ease up done some researches on how to enhance the guideing of literature in English among the students due to the fact that Malaysian students have lack of refer in development literature in English.There be varieties of factors that contribute to students post in Literature. However this research will look deeply into the cardinal briny ca engages that affecting students amour in learning literature in E nglish and on how strong the ca exercises really affects the students. The three factors are the students exposure towards the target speech and the level of proficiency, the content of the literature component itself, and the activities done in the classroom. In fact, these three master(prenominal) factors are al ways being discussed as the reasons that modulate students pursual in learning literature in English.The language spoken at home dexterity influence the students interest towards the learning of literature in English disparately. Students are coming from different family background that has different experience communicating in English at home. If the parents are good in mastering the English language and always communicate with the children in English, it might encourage the students to designate the literature in English texts. However, if the students have lack of exposure towards English language, it might withal demotivate them to read the literature in Engli sh texts since they are hardly understand them. Another main challenge for the students to learn literature in English is caused by the survival of the fittest of texts itself. Students might have lack of interest in Literature because of the text (short story, poem and impudent) are boring and inappropriate for them. If the students are un long-familiar with the plot and the settings of the story, they will have difficulty to understand it and lead to the lack of interest to learn it. Furthermore, the major problem regarding students learning in literature is students invade language difficulties that does not match their language ability. Even learners merchantmannot agree on the type of texts that should be taught although they generally agree that the texts should promote intellectual development, independent speak outing, are interesting to adolescents and meet certain cultural and aesthetic standards (Agee, 1998). Thus, the selection of the texts should be analysed and s tudied again whether they are appropriate or not.Literature component in English has been implemented in Malaysian curriculum starting from the year 2001. Since then, the students in secondary school have learnt a lot of poems, short stories and even out novels as the items of learning literature. mesa 1.1 shows the items that learned by disdain secondary schools students in Malaysia. Table 1.1 Curriculum specifications for literature in KBSM English program for displace secondary students. variance Title Author Genre 1 Lifes Brief Candle William Shakespeare poem The Dead crow A.Samad Said Poem The Lake Isle of Innisfree W.B Yeats Poem The Pencil Ali Majod Short Story How Dalat Got Its Name Heidi Munan Short Story Of Bunga Telur and Bally Shoes Che Husna Azhari Short Story2 Rubinson Crusoe Danie Defoe refreshful Potato People Angela Wright Novel Phantom of the opera Gaston Leroux Novel3 The Prisoner of Zenda Antony Hope Novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde R.L.Stevenson NovelTeachers creativity in teaching Literature is also one of the most master(prenominal) features to capture students interest. Since literature is still considered new to Malaysian development system, the main problem for both teachers and students is to have various interesting activities to be apply in the classroom to teach literature. Most of the activities in literature classroom direction on the comprehension of the text by reading the text and say the comprehension questions provided by the teachers and fro m the work books. In the discussion forum as stated in the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association (MELTA) web, www.melta.org.com, teachers are advised to provide the students with various creative activities in classroom to teach literature and to generate students interest in learning literature. Thus, teachers mathematical function is to search for new ideas, practicality and do experiments in literature through the reading from activities book or through the internet. Creative activities are used to enhance students understanding of literary texts and to absorb their attention and interest in reading and learning literature. Creative approaches like role play and dramatization or even games are created to improve the verbose traditional method of teaching literature, which nevertheless focus on close reading and explanation of literary texts. Students interests need to be capture before they raft fully appreciate the beauty of the literature. (MELTA forum).1.2 Statem ent of ProblemThe literature in English component has been implemented as part of KBSM English syllabus for or so 9 years since it was first introduced in year 2001. However, through my experience and observations show that the students have a lack of interest towards the learning of literature and they come apart to appreciate or understand of what literature is. Thus, it is vital to understand the factors that influence the students interest to learn literature in English in order for all to solve the problem.Since English is considered as the second language in Malaysia. Thus, the students level of proficiency in the language is varying to each other. Some students are accustomed much exposure to the target language at home and some are even never utter any English word at home. However, interest is an subjective issue because it does not mean that if the students are good in English language that they are interested to learn literature in English more than the students who ar e not very proficient in English language.However, at the same time one of the underlying issue in the implementation of the literature in English component is that most of the students feel that the literature texts offered in the English language Syllabus are inappropriate, unchallenging and even boring. In fact, the topic of literature text has been discussed and debated since it was first introduced until the present time. The main issue is to revise the use of the current text and it has been encourageed by the students, parents and teachers. Some great deal think that the texts are beyond the students level of proficiency to understand it and the themes discussed are also very dull.On the other hand, some argue that the texts cover a wide range of works dealing with different themes and appropriate for the students to learn. As stated in MELTA forum website, one of the members in the forum who is yet cognise as tpriya_1717 wrote that the important aspect that should be giv en greater emphasis would be the effectiveness of teachers in utilizing the texts in the teaching and learning process in classrooms. From her opinion, it gives a picture that the teachers should be more creative to involve students with lots of interesting and enjoyable activities to boost the students interest while learning literature in the classroom. Unfortunately, since our education system tends to be more to exam-oriented, most of the teachers teach literature with the purpose to pass the students in the examination and neglecting the main reason of learning literature which is to understand and appreciate literature.Thus this research aims to find the answer whether all the factors mentioned above influence the students interest in learning literature in English positively or negatively. Furthermore, the research also will investigate which factor is having greatest influence to the students interest to learn literature in English.1.3 Objectives of ResearchThe purposes of t his research are to1) Investigate the influence of students level of proficiency in English language towards their interest in the learning of literature in English.2) Examine whether the content of the literature component in Malaysian curriculum for lower secondary students are appropriate and suitable for the students and whether the contents are able to generate the students interest to learn literature in English.3) Study students preferences of activities applied in the classroom by the teachers during the literature lesson.1.4 Research QuestionsThe research questions for the research to find out are as below.1) How does the students level of proficiency in English language influence students interest to read the literature in English texts?2) What are the students perceptions towards the current literature in English component texts?3) Which types of activities in the classroom are more interesting to the students in the learning of literature in English?1.5Definitions of T erms 1) means One that actively contributes to an accomplishment, result, or process.Context of study The factors are the causes or the reasons that contribute to the influence in students interest in learning Literature in English. It can be considered as the agents that are responsible towards the development of students interest in learning Literature in English. In this study, the factors are divided into three main divisions which are the students family background, the selection of texts in literature in English component, and the activities during the literature in English lessons. 2) Interest A state of curiosity or concern about or attention to somethingContext of study Interest is the emotional reactions and behavioural tendencies towards the learning of literature in English. In this study, the students interest is categorize into two categories which the students who react positively towards literature in English and students who react negatively towards the literature in English. However, interest is the behaviour that can be tiltd or developed by certain strong influences either it turns out to be positive or negative. 3) Learning Knowledge or skill gained through in figation or study.Context of study Learning is a process of study to gain the knowledge. The learning of literature in English mostly happens at school especially during the literature lesson for English subjects. As literature in English component is a part of English syllabus in Malaysian education curriculum, the students need to learn it. Thus, in this study, the learning of literature in English is referring to the formal learning of the subject in Malaysian secondary school. 4) Literature in English written material specifically in English language such as poetry, novels, essays, etc., especially works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest.Context of study Literature in English component is a part of the English syllabus in Malaysian secondary schools. It is divided into three genres which are short stories, poems, and novels. 1.6 Scope of ResearchThe scope of the research involved the participation of 40 students in stochastic variable 3 with different level of proficiency from SM La Salle Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Form 3 students have finished covering all the literature contents for lower secondary school. The data was collected and analyzed based on the questionnaires which were distributed to the respondents concerned. 1.7 Limitation of ResearchThe limitation of this studyA. Time constraints 1) Students might not have sufficient time to fill the survey form thus resulting in unanswered items and/or inaccurate answers.B. Small sample1) The findings of the research are only valid or based on one school. It does not representing of all schools in Malaysia and not even in Sabah.1.8 Significance of ResearchOver the years since the implementation and the development of literature in English component as part of Malaysian curriculum, many issues has been discussed regarding on the problems faced by the students that affect their interest in learning the literature in English. This study will find the most reasonable and rational answer on the factors affecting students interest to learn literature in English. This study also will prove whether students level of proficiency in English really has a very strong influence to the students interest in learning literature. Besides, this study will help the curriculum designers to improve the contents of literature component for lower secondary school. This study also can be used as a reference for teachers to investigate students preferences for activities in classroom during literature lesson and apply them in the class.This Study will also provide and enable other or future researchers who would like to conduct the same research with sufficient and useful information based on the topic. The methodology in this research such as the questionnaire can ease the future research by adapting them or perhaps amend them to suit their study.CHAPTER 2 publications REVIEW2.0 IntroductionThis chapter presents review of the general situation and the development of literature in English in Malaysias education system. However, the main discussions are focused on the three main factors that have the greatest influence towards the students interest in learning literature in English. The three main factors are the family background of the students, the selection of text or the contents for Literature components, and the preferred activities by the students during the literature lesson. This review will also provide some insights into the relationship between English language proficiency that might influence students interest in learning Literature in English. Apart from that, reviews on other possible factors will also be discussed as the argument of this chapter. These reviews are to give a better understanding on how these factors can really influence and affects the students interest in learning literature in English.2.1 The Scenario of the teaching of LIE components in MalaysiaHistorically, the development of the teaching of literature in English in Malaysia can be considered as inconsistent. The teaching and learning of literature in English in the Malaysian English Second Language (ESL) context has evolved from being a core part of the English language curriculum to a point of near extinction only to re-emerge in the 21st century in a far stronger form (Subramaniam, 2003). In addition, he stated that the downturn in the teaching and learning of literature as a subject is crucially marked by the change in the medium of instruction in schools from English to Malay. According to Carter and Long (1991 cited in Fauziah Ahmad 2007), the splendour of literature was only fully realized sometime in the mid 1980s where extensive debates and discussions took place. Since then, th e situation for learning and teaching has changed radically and literature is presently being reconsidered within the language teaching profession. Fauziah (2007) believes that the changes of attitude toward the importance of literature have also affected the Malaysian national curriculum. As she stated in the introduction of her research, Literature in English was first introduced to Form Four students in 1992. Subsequently, this has led to the re-introduction of literature into language classrooms in the year 2000, and is now an integrated element of the English language component.The wind of change in the teaching and learning of literature in Malaysia is also supported by Talif (2005), in his book entitled Teaching Literature in ESLThe Malaysian Context, a book which discusses briefly on the development of literature in English in Malaysian schools. The study shows that Literature in English was first introduced by the Malaysian Education Ministry by implementing the Class Reade r Programme (CRP) in 1990 at the Form 1 level in all secondary schools. Basically, the CRP political platform was designed to motivate students to read the class readers at home as well as to prepare the students for the Literature in English Programme (LEP) at the upper secondary students. The LEP was offered as an elective subject for study at the upper secondary school level (Form 4-5) which was implemented in 1992. To date, the Malaysian Ministry of Education (KPM) implemented the literature in English component as a part of English syllabus in March, 2000. It started with only for Form 1 and Form 4 students in year 2000, followed by Form 2 and Form 5 in year 2001, and to all Form 3 in either school in year 2002. The component has been examined in SPM exam in year 2001 and in PMR exam in year 2002, (Ministry of Education Malaysia). To summarize the explanation and the development of literature in English in Malaysian curriculum, the following review whitethorn conclude all.In Malaysia, three different reading programmes have been introduced over the last three decades. The English Language Reading Programme (ELRP) was implemented in 1983, the Class Reader Programme (CRP) in 1993 (Malachi Edwin, 1993) and the incorporation of the literature in English component into the English Language syllabus in 1999 (Subramaniam, 2003). To date, the literature in English component in the English Language melodic theme is considered to be the most successful reading programme because the texts that are being taught and read in the classroom are a tested component in the public examinations (Vethamani, 2004a 2004b). (Too W.K, 2009, page 41) From the reviews above, it can be concluded that the journey towards the inclusion of literature in language courses has been going through many stages of change. Thus, the implementation can be considered as unstable and the improvements by the ministry are needed from time to time.2.2 The Students Attitude towards the teaching an d learning of Literature in EnglishThe lack of interest in learning literature in English among Malaysian students is one of the prevailing issues focused on by various authorities and researcher. It is such an stately issue because the students attitude towards literature is closely related in de shapeining the success and failure in learning literature. There are three main factors that are always being associated with the lack of interest in learning literature in English among the Malaysian students. The figure 1 shows the main focus of the researcher in the study of factors affecting the Malaysian lower secondary students interest in the learning of literature in English.In order to support the statement above, the researcher decide to make Daviss model of research as a reference (1992 cited in Siti Norliana, 2008) to compare and support statement of the problem on the factors that affecting students attitude towards studying literature. For the purpose of this study, the rese archer opts to consider attitude (Daviss model of reaseacrh, 1992) as interest towards studying literature. The positive attitude may exercise the meaning of highly interested and negative attitude would be the lower interest. According to Davis (1992), the Figure 2 shows the potential factors that have significant relationship with students attitudes towards literature in a foreign language.FactorsIn comparison to the researchers model and the Daviss model of research, both models show several similarities regarding on the factors that might influence and affect the interest towards the learning of literature in English. Davis believes that those factors contribute great impacts to the students attitudes in studying literature. Based on Davis (1992), all of the factors result the variation of the students attitudes towards the studying of literature.2.3 Students Level of growth in English Language Learning literature in English is quite a challenge for Malaysian students because the English is considered as the second or the third language in our nation. In order for the students to learn literature in English, the first thing that they have to master is the language itself because that is the only way to associate with literature in English better. Thus, the level of proficiency in English would affect the students interest in learning literature in English. If the student is good in English, the possibility to have higher interest towards literature in English is very high. Meanwhile, lower proficiency levels in English may lead to frustration and less motivation among students to learn literature in English.2.3.1 Language Spoken at HomeStudents usually are coming from different family background. Thus students may have different experience or exposure towards the learning of literature. There are students who are very good in term of proficiency in English language because they practice the language at home with their parents in daily communication. Howe ver, there are also students who never use or speak in any other language including English as a spoken language at home but only speak in their mother tongue language at home. This situation can be seen by comparing between the students from urban area and students who tolerate in rural area. According to Jamali and Hasliza (2002), Malaysian students especially those who live in rural areas do not see the need to use of English in their life, and it caused them to have lower motivation to learn English. The exposure towards English language and literature in English that they received are very little compared to urban students. In fact, there are a growing number of children whose first language is English and who may be termed native speakers since their parents have chosen to use only English in the home instead of their ethnic languages. Murugesan (2003). Thus, the students level of proficiency in English language may vary to each other. The more the students have been exposed to the English language, the more interest they gain to learn and read the literature in English. 2.4 Selection of texts in Literature in English componentThere are always bad and negative feedbacks that have been received from the students and the teachers regarding on the literature text in Malaysian school. Sidhu (2003), as cited in Too (2006), found that most students showed little interest in reading prescribed texts. The result of Sidhus research revealed that 60% of the students viewed the texts in Literature in English as boring and failed to arouse their interest to read. Various comments and feedbacks also can be retrieved from the discussion forum in MELTA website mostly get intod by the teachers and the students. Some of them think that the texts for English literature components are boring and need to be reviewed.Retrieved Online November 18, 2009 from http//www.melta.org.my/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=1098forum=5viewmode=flatstart=202.4.1 Students Difficultie s in understanding the textsThere are three different genres that the students have to learn and read for the literature in English component. They are short story, poem and novel. Students have different perception and interest towards each genre.According to Siti Norliana (2008) research, the students showed higher interest in reading the short stories item compared to poems and novels. The students prefer short stories because they are not lengthy and less time consuming to read if compared to Novels. Most of the students exposit novels as lengthy and very confusing in term of plot and characters. It should not be a surprise that the students prefer short stories more than novel because as cited in Wei-Keong Too (2006, Page 43), both Reed (1992) and Chances (1999) analyses conclude that the books that young adult choose are character driven and the plot is fast. In Dr. Sharifahs (2002) study, the analysis result showed that the students positive responses towards short stories a nd novels are higher than the poems. According to the result, students are less interested in reading poems because of the use of literary language with underlying meaning. Thus, it is very hard for the students to understand the texts. When the students find the poems very difficult in terms of language, they will automatically refuse to read it and show lower interest towards any text in the same genre. For instance, the poem like Lifes Brief Candle is very hard for the students to understand since they are not familiar with the literary language used in the poem and could not get the underlying meaning of the poem. In Huzainas (2006) research result, students found Lifes Brief Candle the most difficult because they could not associate the candle much with their life.If the students could associate the texts with their own experience and surroundings, they will understand the meaning of the texts easier and become more interested to read more from other authors.2.5 Activities in t he classroomTeachers creativity in teaching Literature is also one of the most important features to capture students interest. Teachers play the important role to instill interest in learning literature in English among the students. As for that, teachers need extra initiatives and creativities to instill students interest towards the subject by providing the students with the interesting activities. Creative activities are used to enhance students understanding of literary texts and to attract their attention and interest in reading and learning literature. 2.5.1 Teacher-centered VS student-centered activitiesThe activities during the literature in English lesson are important to make the students take part in the lesson. However, many teachers lack creative ideas to provide the students with interesting activities when teaching literature in the classroom. Unfortunately, many teachers apply activities which are more teacher-centered in orientation during literature lesson. Teache r-ecentered activities are activities that are more controlled by the teachers all the time, such as spoon-feeding the students with all the information and thorough explanations and translations. Thus, the students role is only taking notes from the teachers and memorise them for the sake of passing the exam. As mentioned by Sharifah Nadia (2007) in her research, since our education system is exam-oriented, most of the teachers teach literature with the purpose to pass the students in the examination and neglecting the main reason of learning literature which is to understand and appreciate literature. As a result, the activities are boss because the teachers only focus on how to make the students pass in the exam. An experienced and excellent teacher would use student-centered activities that involve students participation during the literature lesson. In this salmagundi of activities, the students get involved and participate in the lesson instead of listening only to the teach ers explanation. The students will be able to experience and understand the meaning of literature during the learning process. There are many enjoyable activities that the teachers can apply in the classroom especially during literature in English lesson such as dramas, role plays, group discussion, games, and multimedia presentations. These activities allow the students to express themselves through literature and capture their interest to learn literature in English. Since the student-centered activities are more enjoyable and crosstie to the students interest, the students are more interested to learn more about literature in English in the classroom. In Siti Norlianas (2008) study, the students show more positive response towards activities that allow them to participate in the lesson actively. Table 2.1 shows the result of students acceptance towards activities used in literature in English lesson by the teacher in the classroom.Table 2.1 Students Acceptance towards the Activi ties for Literature in English ClassroomNo. Teaching Methods Percentage (%)1) Students provide background information 96.22) Variety of activities (games, drama, role play, etc) 95.43) Working in groups 91.84) Teachers explanation 90.95) Audio Visual Supports 85.56) Translation and using Malay in teaching literature 70The result is cited from Siti Norliana (2008)From the result, it shows that the students prefer the activities that can encourage them to participate in the lesson and allow them to think more critically rather than listening to teachers talk. In addition to the research, based on the interviews by Siti Norliana (2008), found that half of the students exposit that the activities employed by the teachers are dull and inadequate. This situation is supported by Dr. Sharifah (2002), she concluded that the teachers knowledge, expertise, and creativity i