The pros and cons in combating hiv/aids among its south african workforce

Anglo Americans constitute a highly recognized and profitable mining company in the world, operating in more than 50 countries including South Africa. Other than its objective of high financial goals the company has developed five development principles sustainably and one of these is creating a meaningful and safe environment for a healthy working atmosphere, for instance the effort in HIV/AIDS prevention program (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc 2007).Due to a high number of the company workers (about 62%) being based in South Africa mining fields (a place with high rate of HIV infections), it became then significant because HIV infection became a serious health and operation stress threat in this mining area.Due to high infections within the strong working forces, sick individuals are usually absent from duties, cost of treatment and hospitalization increases and this leads to the general decline in the productivity.Necessity for a business action was made more critical on the i dea that there is failure of the African governments to arrest HIV virus spread due to poor and infective national prevention programs such as anti-retro viral (ART) usage for infected individuals of whom a very low percentage (about 23%) receives it according to world Health Organization estimates.Anglo Americans strategies in combating HIV/AIDS in the South African working forceThe company developed policies in the HIV infection control program and this was targeted on zero rating of three functions; new HIV infections, zero / any sickness or death of its employees from AIDS and Zero chances of employees giving birth to HIV positive children.To achieve these targets a framework was laid and this suggested that, there will be no tolerance to discrimination, stigmatization or human rights breach on the basis of HIV/AIDS infections within its workers.This follows dynamic HIV prevention programs, including voluntary counseling and testing, provision of free Anti-retro viral drugs to t he infected, involvement of the other partners in their programs for instance non-governmental organizations, the government and international sponsors and by lastly doing an evaluation and monitoring program on the achievement of these laid targets.

Ketone Reduction Using Sodium Borohydride

Experiment 5B: Ketone Reduction Objective: Using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, the ketone 4-tert-butylcyclohexane is reduced to its corresponding alcohol. It is purified through extraction techniques to give the cis and trans diasteromer products. Procedure: The procedure was followed as outlined in Mayo’s book for Experiment 5B with the following modifications: 1. Reagents and Equipment – The reaction will be on a scale of 2X what is described in the text. 2. Reagents and Equipment – The progress of the reaction will be followed by TLC as directed in the Reaction Conditions section.Glass backed TLC plates will be created with the following three spots: Ketone Standard/Co-Spot/Crude Reaction Mixture. Prepare the TLC plate while the reaction is being set up. To the initial solution of 4-tert-butylcyclohexane in methanol, before adding the reducing solution, insert a TLC capillary. Use this sample as your ketone standard. Do NOT stop the reaction before c hecking the progress by TLC. If the reaction is not complete, add another portion of the reducing solution. 3. Isolation of Product – All other amounts specified in this section should be followed without doubling. . Isolation of Product – Substitute 1. 0 mL of cold 3. 0 M HCl for 1. 0 mL of cold 0. 1 M HCl. 5. Purification and Characterization – Will not obtain an NMR spectrum. Reaction Scheme: Data and Results: CompoundMW (g/mol)AmountMmolMp (degrees C)Bp (degrees C) 4-tert-butylcylcohexane154. 25103 mg0. 6747 – 50 Methanol32. 04100  µL65 Sodium Borohydride reducing solution37. 83200  µL *NOTE: As I was condensing my product in the sand bath it â€Å"popped† and there was no more final product in my vial. Therefore I was not able to do a final analysis and I am using Mike Mariani’s data in my report.Observations: 1. Crude product was solid and white in color. 2. TLC spots were dark purple for both the ketone standard and co-spot. The s pot for the crude reaction mixture was barely visible. 3. Melting point of product started at 62. 5 degrees Celsius. Calculations: 1. TLC was done in an elution solvent system of ethyl acetate: hexane (1:4). QQ did not have us record Rf values. The color of the spots was as indicated in the observations section above. 2. Yield of Crude Product = Vial and product – Vial: 4. 233 g – 4. 141 = 0. 092 g = 92 mg 3. Percent Yield of Crude Product:

Intercultural Communication: Globalization Essay

Globalization has had an effect in all aspect of our lives. However, these effects have not all been positive and it becomes important to consider both sides of the coin while trying to understand the phenomenon that is globalization. Globalization is a movement that seeks to establish more global integration especially in matters pertaining to trade and governance to increase prosperity and reduce conflicts. In this regard there was a strengthening of international institutions especially the UN and the signing of various treaties that abolishes tariffs and protectionist measures. This makes trade between countries easier and makes it possible to make capital and labor mobile across countries. Therefore, globalization also affects culture due to increased interaction of foreigners and the growth of the communication sector including the internet. Most of these effects have been positive allowing societies to benefit from each other. Nonetheless, other negative impacts have been exported leading to an erosion of indigenous cultures and a spread of vices like pornography and human trafficking. The most important aspect of globalization is the ability of companies to outsource their businesses to areas that have cheaper labor. This makes productivity cheaper since countries can set up factories in countries whereby labor is in plenty and wages are low. Furthermore, these countries have weaker laws and regulations making business easier and further reducing the cost of production. This translates to increased profits for shareholders and allows companies to survive stiff competition and bad economical times. Moreover, these benefit these developing countries to grow and provide a livelihood to the citizens of these countries. In addition, these countries provides new markets for companies who wants to sustain their growth in profitability and this has seen companies like Wal-mart to venture into markets like China (Martin & Nakayama, 2007). It also allows for work specialization since manufacturers can make various components of their products in different companies a classic example being computer manufacturer. These firms manufacture the various components of a computer in different countries and are finally assembled in one country. However, business outsourcing also has its disadvantages but the positive outweigh the negative. Since colonial times, the erosion of culture in several countries across the globe has continued. Colonization saw European countries impose their social, economical and religious cultures upon the native inhabitants. However, colonization came to an end but neo colonialism continues due to globalization occasioned by growth of the communication sector and increased interaction of people of different nationalities. Television has allowed people all over the world to view program most of which are made in the West. This together with secular music from western society has had a significant impact on other cultures. Most of these influences have been negative with many disregarding their cultures and blindly following the actions depicted on this popular media. Some countries like India has seen many youths engage in immoral behavior like premarital sex, cohabitation of unmarried youth and drug abuse, a trend associated with western values (Sundaram, 2007). This has increased the prevalence of Aids and crime due to the effects of drugs and immorality.

Education-as-Entertainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education-as-Entertainment - Essay Example fort and that it is the basis of modern livelihood, giving it an entertaining approach is a way to ensure it does not get shunned just like any other technicality in life. This study mainly purposes on the treatment of education as entertainment and the issues involved. Postman (1985), presents the extent to which treating education as entertainment has been embraced. The embracing of â€Å"Sesame Street†, a long-running American children television series, by educators, children and parents is a clear implication of entertainment being accepted as a way forward in education. Postman’s Learning in the age of Television further makes it look like it is one of the most recommended ways of learning by stating: â€Å"To those who had not yet been to school, even to those who had just started, the idea of being taught by a series of commercials did not seem peculiar†. On the contrary, Edmundson (1997) expresses stern dislike on the subject of education being treated like some form of entertainment. Some teachers do not teach to amuse, divert or interest learners and should they hear their student term education as some form of enjoyment then they get to develop self-dislike (Edmundson, 1997, pp. 40). â€Å"Schools want kids whose parents can pay the full freight, not the ones who need scholarship or want to bargain down the tuition costs† (Edmundson, 1997, pp. 43). Perhaps this could explain to us the reason as to why entertainment should be integrated into the education system and made part of it. Seemingly, it is not entirely essential to have education as entertainment since according to Edmundson the idea is a way to lure students into specific learning institutions. This therefore sounds like an open market competition where the most attractive school gets more ‘customers’. Now this makes school look like â€Å"Sesame Street†, and we now know that children love school only if it is like â€Å"Sesame Street† (Postman, 1985, pp. 1). In this case the two authors,

Power and Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Power and Influence - Essay Example Information power is based on personal attributes, and is closely related to expert power. Information power in the case of advertising the toothpaste is important in assisting a brand manager coordinate employees towards a common goal. Coercive power is the ability involved in controlling an individual’s way of making decisions (McShane & Von, 2010). Coercive power is usually sourced by taking something away as punishment or threatening to do something when someone fails to follow instructions. It may be a severe way to gain authority in the workplace, but it is necessary in cases where stubborn employees are involved. Coercive power is definitely not a perfect way to market a product (McShane & Von, 2010). Expert power is the ability to affect the decisions of other parties by use of knowledge and expertise. In an organization, it is power based on experience in specific areas or experiences (Zastrow 2009). Expert power is not limited to the authority and can quickly send a subordinate up the ladder. Finally, referent power relates to the authority of an individual to a team or followers. It is mainly affected by the respect or admiration of the holder of the power (Zastrow 2009). Mass leaders or politicians are good examples of people with the effect of referent power. Production departments. It would also help me win over the advertising agencies (McShane & Von, 2010). Earning respect in the workplace is important since the same colleagues will help me market my skills to the production departments. Expert power helps create admirers, thus making a product sell fast. Referent power, on the other hand, will enable me to use my authority to my team members (Zastrow 2009). Team members might have friends in the advertising agencies or production departments. The same friends will market my skills and will enable me to have higher chances of being picked by the advertising agencies or production departments. As a brand

Endangered Species Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Endangered Species - Research Paper Example The present crisis of endangered species is distinctive in that the failure of biodiversity is happening rapidly, and the main cause of the catastrophe is the activities of human beings. Some scholars such as Henry David Thoreau, Aldo Leopold and Elisabet Sahtouris believe that the current crisis persists because of lack of ethical responsibility and failure to connect with the environment in the part of humans (Benson and Rob 188). One of the most endangered species that are facing extinction is the rhino species found in Africa and Asia. The Rhino population in the two continents is roughly 29,000 surviving in the world. This is a massive difference from the population of rhinos at the beginning of the 20th century standing at 500,000 rhinos. For instance, in Africa there are 20,000 white rhinos and 4,880 black rhinos. In Asia, however, the statistics are more alarming as there are only 2,850 great one-horned rhinos, 200 Sumatran rhino and 50 Javan rhino. There are only seven north ern white rhinos living in the world (Rhino Info n.d). With then rhino, facing distinction in the future is inevitable that governments form laws that protect this endangered specie from human hunters who kill them for their horns, as well as meat. The illegal rhino horn hunt has been the biggest human activity that has led to a drastic decline of the rhino species instigated by the illegal rhino horn trade, political conflict, as well as habitat loss. The rhino is mostly valued for production of Chinese medicine and poaching is the greatest menace facing rhino today. The horns are also used to construct ornamental handles for stiletto in Yemen one of the main markets of the rhino horns from Africa (Rhino Info n.d). In some areas, where normal law and order has collapsed mostly in war zones, and where political instability exists, poachers have found it easier to kill the rhinos, thus endangering them as well as other species. For example, poaching of rhino has been ascending in DRC , Nepal and Zimbabwe due to political conflicts (Rhino Info n.d). The basic issue in environmental ethics is whether there can be a non-anthropocentric environmental ethic, which is a foundation for right ant and wrong activities concerning the environment, which is not based exclusively in human fears. Most people claim that ethics is only based on anthropocentric environment. According to Benson and Rob (188) environmental ethics involves animal rights theories and biocentrism theories as well as egocentric theories. This entails that sentient animals, individual living things and conservation systems have moral standings respectfully. Leopold held that most ecological problems were because of ignorance, and understood that his own his own capability to recognize how environment works were the consequence long education and observation. However, in the current contemporary world, where environmental education and policies are protecting biodiversity ignorance has no room. It is ir responsible for instance, to cut down trees from indigenous forests, which are at, risk of extinction for logs, yet there are alternative means of producing similar tools without having to render tree populations extinct (Bagheera n.d). Leopold grew in a culture where concealed land ownership was part of the dream of America. However, this caused

Social Justice Issues Concerning Minority Children in America Term Paper

Social Justice Issues Concerning Minority Children in America - Term Paper Example This cannot and should not be understood to mean that minority children are somehow irrevocably different or predisposed to certain strengths or weaknesses. Rather, environmental factors as well as the pervasive views within society, uneven allocation of resources, and the alternative approaches that certain cultures take with regards to the topics which will herein be discussed are the most powerful factors in shaping the way that minorities must integrate with the overall application and importance of such determinants. With regards to the cognitive development that takes place within minority shareholders, it is the very strong belief of this author that this determinant/measurement is fundamentally and absolutely no different than the level of cognitive development that takes place within white/affluent shareholders. The greatest level of differentiation with regards to this is realized as a function of the quality of the educational system itself and the degree to which the fami ly impact upon this cognitive development. ... Strident members of one side of the argument state that minority students are nearly an entire standard deviation away from their white counterparts with regards to their overall level of scholastic achievement. Those in disagreement with such a stance pointed the fact that the gap is necessarily smaller yet nonetheless extraordinarily important to focus upon and seek to fix. The ugly truth at the heart of the matter is with regards to the quality of the teachers, the overall level of funding, and the importance that education and scholastics is able to realize on the home front of these minority families (Deo, 2012). With regards to the first two of these determinants, they can be understood to integrate most closely with a level of tacit racism that exists within the educational system. Due to the fact that the US Department of Education, and community shareholders, must seek to allocate limited resources in order to affect limitless needs, minority neighborhoods/communities are of tentimes deprived of fundamental and necessary technologies, high quality teachers, and monetary resources with which to effect positive growth on the overall level of academic achievement that their students can reflect (Pilkington, 2013). However, this last determinant which has been listed is with regards to the level of importance that education plays within the family unit. Although the first two of these determinants can be affected from a governmental/community level, the third is one that must necessarily take place within the home. It is the further understanding of this particular author that the tests and metrics that are used to measure students are not in and of themselves biased; rather, the appropriation of funding, resources, and

Six Essential Elements of Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Six Essential Elements of Geography - Essay Example Physical systems – this element of geography seeks to study physical processes such as volcanoes, glaciers, climate, and how they shape the earth. In addition, it seeks to study the interrelationships among plant and animal life and their natural environment that sustain life. Environment and the society – this element studies the impacts of human activities on the environment. In addition, geographers are also interested in knowing how humans use the environment and how the environment influences people’s lives. The uses of geography – this element show the importance of acquiring knowledge on geography. Geography is essential to humans in that it helps them understand the future as well as the past. This knowledge enables geographers to understand better the relationships between the environment, people and places (Swamson 56). The teacher can apply the first essential element of geography in describing the absolute or relative location of a particular object. For example, the teacher can inform the students that the Geographic information centre is located at 805 Sherbrooke Street West (absolute location) or Sherbrook Street West near the Catholic Church (relative location). The second element (places and regions) is applicable in distinguishing various parts of the world. For example, the teacher can use this element to explain the difference between the tropical regions and temperate zones. The teacher can apply the unique element of physical system by explaining to students the role played by natural phenomenon such as volcanoes, movement of glaciers and hurricanes. For example, volcanoes can produce rich soils that can support farming. On the flip side, volcanoes can cause destruction of natural vegetation and displace people. The teacher can apply human systems in explaining human settlements. For example, the teacher can be able to explain why there are so many

Customer Orientation in the Pricing Strategy Assignment

Customer Orientation in the Pricing Strategy - Assignment Example Quite often marketing management can be defined with the consideration of the following definitions of the marketing: â€Å"...an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders† (Armstrong & Chandler, 1998). Our present research is also linked with the other subdiscipline of marketing management, known as strategic marketing that encompasses the sphere of the marketing analysis. It is important for my research due to the fact that in order to create an appropriate marketing pricing strategy the company has to make a thorough analysis of the main spheres of the company external and internal factors. Originally marketing analysis incorporated three main spheres and was known as â€Å"3Cs†: Customer analysis, Company analysis, and Competitor analysis. However, the latest researches added this list and now we can propose the model of â€Å"5Cs† marketing analysis: Customer analysis, Company analysis, Collaborator analysis, Competitor analysis, and analysis of the industry Context (Brown, 1993). However, in order to establish a correct pricing strategy, it is not enough to analyze the environment. After the company defines its strategic objectives, chooses its target segment of customers and finally creates the appropriate positioning, it proceeds to the second stage. This is the implementation of the chosen strategy. Many scholars define â€Å"4Ps†, which constitute the implementation planning of the company. They are Product management, Pricing, Place and Promotion (Jensen, 1998).

The Impact of Culture on Best Practice Production Management Essay

The Impact of Culture on Best Practice Production Management - Essay Example Services industry is the fastest growing segment in the world economy and the biggest challenge is customer satisfaction which depends upon service quality (Bick, Abratt & Moller, 2010). Customer service excellence becomes essential to achieve customer satisfaction which in turn translates into customer loyalty. Organisations are convinced that customer service delivers benefits and hence quality management programmes have been created that relate the service attributes to how customers would evaluate quality (Bolton & Drew, 1991). This implies that people skills are essential for personal and organisational success. Customer service excellence is based on customer insight, segmentation and leadership (CSE, n.d.). Segmentation helps to understand the needs of the customers which differ across cultures. Segmentation is implemented through the process of identifying and differentiating between groups that have similar needs or wants. By focusing on their needs, motivation and choices, the organisation can achieve customer service excellence as they realize that one-size-fit-all approach in not applicable in the service industry. Customer service excellence operates at three distinct levels – as a driver of continuous improvement, as a skills development tool and as an independent validation of achievement. Culture, according to Hofstede, â€Å"is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category from another† (Hope & Muhlemann, 2001). It has also been defined as the â€Å"software of the mind...† and culture is the way that a group of people solve problems and reconcile dilemmas (Lorenzoni & Lewis, 2004). Moreover, customers from different backgrounds also have differing levels of literacy which influences the evaluation of performance standards (Pizam & Eliss, 1999).Cultural difference cause differences in expectations, goals, values and proposed course of action. Cultural differences impact the belongingness, love and esteem needs of individuals and these principles reverse the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Subtle cultural differences cannot be ignored as the direct impact can be observed in decisions, outcomes and delivery of service (Korac-Kakabadse & Kouzmin, 1999). To achieve service excellence organisations would have to ensure that employees are adequately trained in the different elements of culture that manifest in many ways. Manifestation of cultural differences can be found in language and communication styles, in expression of emotions and body language, in social customs and eating habits. The deepest and the most ingrained manifestation of culture is the cultural assumptions from which stem the norms and values (Lorenzoni & Lewis, 2004). The most visible manifestation of culture is everyday behavioural standards. Hofstede has identified four different dimensions on which culture can be measured. These include the power distance, individualism, unc ertainty avoidance and masculinity. Cultures distinguish people in how they behave, maintain relationships and relate to each other in a variety of ways. It also influences the attitude towards time and the attitude towards the environment. All these factors heighten the importance of ensuring that employees are trained in understanding the nuances of different cultural backgrounds before customer service excellence can be expected. The hospitality industry is diverse in nature and each customer is individual in his/her needs and wants. The same customer may have different needs and demands in different situations (Baum & Nickson, 1998). Cultural differences impact the outcome of business because according to Hofstede different cultures imply different mental programming (Gilbert & Tsao, 2000).

Sales Ethics Is an Oxymoron Essay Example for Free

Sales Ethics Is an Oxymoron Essay Conversely, Sales management ethics is the specific component of business ethics that deals with ethically managing the sales function as sales manager’s priorities is to supervise the relationship bonded between the customer and a salesperson by ensuring that the relationship between the customer and salesperson is an honest one. Making the right decision can be very difficult for instance a majority of people would agree that honesty is an important ethical principle. Take in consideration an honest salesperson that have to meet ends of a looming end of month quota and is required to close one big deal to avoid falling short of the number. Will that salesperson fall short or will he or she undertake measures which may be unethical to reach those numbers. Sales Ethics provide aid in helping to shape a beneficial outcome for the concerning parties and stakeholders. Are salespeople more unethical than anyone else? It is proven that Sales managers and salespeople are not more likely to engage in unethical practices than are people with other marketing and management jobs. In reference to (Gene R. Laczniak and Patrick E. Murphy) significant questions are needed to be answered before taking action: is it legal? Will it infringe any regulations or laws enforced by the organisation? Does it contradict moral obligations that are specific to a certain organisation body? It is not always simple to act ethical and to oblige with the regulations denoted by the organisation. ‘It is possible to teach ethics and ethical behaviour; however can these be learnt and be easily enforced within an organisation? ’ You either are or are not (Isnt Business Ethics an Oxymoron? 2008) Hence, some agree that sales ethics is an oxymoron. Acting ethical can be extremely expensive; one of an organisation’s main goals is to maximise profits; if they do not meet breakeven equilibrium point whereby profits equal to costs of production; a loss is incurred dispelling them to be unfit to compete in the market. The organisation making a loss would go bankrupt and would have insufficient capital to fund any operational circumstance unless they borrow the capital from banks which can be very risky depending on the organisation’s liquidity. Striving for a 100% in ethical commitment and regulations in order to be valid is impossible to achieve. Another aim of an organisation is to minimise costs as much as possible, acting ethical may increase costs of production creating a challenge for the company as a whole. When Salespeople are poised with the challenges that may seem impossible to achieve, giving up is the first response. On the other hand, it is not negative to strive for perfection in ethical standards; however to demand a 100% can sometimes bring about an opposite; an uncharted cause of actions that may apply pressure on the employees and stakeholders which may result in a destructive consequence. Additionally; research conveyed that age is positively related to ethical behaviour among sales managers; older sales managers tend to make more ethical decisions and relatively high levels of relativism are associated with less ethical decision making among sales managers. Relativism demonstrates the process whereby an individual reaches moral decisions based on their actions they view to be acceptable when they provided a particular scenario. On the other hand, relatively high levels of idealism are associated with a lower likelihood of hiring a controversial job candidate. Idealism conveys a set of principles where individuals determine morality; a set of standards expected to be abided by with no exceptions or excuses. This is an example of moral philosophy; which deals with systematic methods whereby individuals recognize and resolve decisions having moral content (Hair, J. F, Anderson, R. A, Mehta, R, and Babin, B. J. ) Businesses strive for perfection, an impossible standard which the organisation can only work towards but can never achieve; hence this is the perception viewers may argue upon business ethics being an oxymoron. Conversely; Sales ethics is not an oxymoron because perfection is the impossible to achieve; that doesn’t mean organisations should give up; instead they should strive for the best possible solutions to the obstacles encountered. ‘These solutions aren’t always perfect, but they often represent the best we can achieve. ’ (Johannes, B. 2002) It can be difficult to apply business ethics but nobody and no organisation is perfect; striving to achieve a higher level is the best perception organisations can enact in order to reach several goals set by the organisation. One of the most important stakeholders of sales is the customers. ‘The first sale is always the hardest’ claims (Hair, J. F, Anderson, R. A, Mehta, R, and Babin, B. J. ) if sales people do not sell their product or good, they cannot earn the income to source the needs they require such as shelter, food and water. Therefore the relationship established between the customer and the sales person is vital to the organisation’s employee and employers as a whole. This is where a boundary spanner is introduced; someone to perform his or her job in the boundary between a company and a customer. The salespeople represent the company to the customer and the customer of the company. The sales managers have a unique role in maintain an ethical work and sales climate as it is their duty to make sure morally corrupt individuals are not employed by the firm to put a check on any system providing an incentive for immoral behaviour and are also responsible for the way the firm’s sales force treats its customers. And most importantly; to comply with the sales ethics and standards expected by the organisation. Therefore it is essential to classify the linkage between the customer and organisational company because when making a sale to the customer as they hold certain rights and when there has been a violation of these rights; customers are entitled to claim damages because ‘Customer is always right’ Firstly, customer Vulnerability denotes a fact when customers are at some sort of disadvantage to the company. These include: Ignorance (lack of some vital knowledge, product knowledge, needed to participate in a fair exchange) Naivete (lack of experience or the ability to conduct a transaction or negotiate terms of fair deal) Powerlessness (a lack of either competition within a marketplace or sufficient assets with which to be persuasive) (Hair, J. F, Anderson, R. A, Mehta, R, and Babin, B. J. ) Customers have the right to information and should not be provided with the disadvantages posed by the sales department because this is a breach of sales ethical standards. Consequently, standards conveyed by the company must be enforced and clear to all the stakeholders and the company itself. A code of ethics must be established and enforced within the company; Code of Ethics expresses the values of a firm by specifying in writing specific behaviours that are consistent or inconsistent with those values. These codes must not only be adopted, they must embody the values truly epitomized by the top management sector (Rastogi, Aseem). There are 4 basic types of code of ethics: Company code that defines the ethical boundaries for employees. Professional codes that define ethical boundaries for occupational groups such as advertisers, marketing researchers, sales representatives, doctors, lawyers, accountants. Business association codes that define ethical boundaries for people engage in the same line of business; examples include codes established by direct selling association of America and by the American Association of Advertising Agencies; advisory group codes implemented by the government agencies and other special interest groups for aid purposes. Codes often list employee behaviours that the firm does not condone or accept. Each industry is confronted with somewhat unique ethical situations. Therefore it is extremely important to create an Ethical Work Climate which demonstrates the way employees perceive the organisation culture along with the significant code of ethics. Culture also plays a major role whereby when culture is very strong, employees will tend to share the same perceptions, on the other hand, when a culture is not as strong or identifiable, perceptions may vary considerably from one employee to another. The organisational climate, specifically it’s the way employee’s view their work environment on moral dimensions is extremely significant in achieving the set of moral and sales ethical standards expected. Isnt Business Ethics An Oxymoron? Personally I disagree with the statement of sales ethics being an oxymoron because it is unrealistic to impose such an unrealistic standard on businesses or anything else we do. We should examine each and every ethical policy and question ourselves how do we improve from here? Is the current code of ethics adequate enough? How is the training regime like? Are the stakeholders being treated well enough? I do not believe that sales ethics is an oxymoron due to the fact that we are humans. We all make mistakes, everyone is not perfect; however if we strive for excellence; this is the best outcome we can possibly achieve with fantastic results. We need to extract sophisticated methods which may connect the values we seek to the business organisations; that way school of businesses and top companies are able to support the conceptual framework of continuous improvement in sales management; thus increasing effectiveness and efficiency to boost business ractices. Even if the possible seems impossible, giving up is never an option; there is no dishonour in being less than perfect, if everyone was perfect; this world would never have existed; there is always room for improvement and everyone should strive to get better. The answer is inevitably indeed we can always strive for excellence, sales ethics is not any oxymoron, and it’s an opportunity.

Solidworks Essay Example for Free

Solidworks Essay SolidWorks is an immense topic, especially if you are new to the software. There is much to know and much to write about. Although I have made every effort to be complete in this book, I’m sure there are some niche topics that have gone untreated. The 2013 edition has been consolidated from two volumes into one, which led to some choices about content. In this edition, we rely more on video introductions for each chapter to demonstrate some of the basic concepts. You can find those video introductions on this book’s website at www. wiley. com/go/solidworks2013. This book is primarily meant as an encyclopedic desk reference for SolidWorks Standard users who want a more thorough understanding of the software and process than can be found in other available documentation. As such, it is not necessarily intended to be a guide for beginners, although it has elements of that. Nor is it necessarily intended as a classroom guide, but I have seen people use it for that as well. To keep the size of the book down, I have tried to avoid topics found only in SolidWorks Professional or Premium, although some discussion of these topics was in places unavoidable. Although the book does point out limitations, bugs, and conceptual errors in the software, in every case this is meant to give the reader a more thorough understanding of the software and how it is applied in the context of everyday design or engineering practice. The overall goal of this book is not to fill your head with facts, but to help you think like the software, so you can use the tool as an intuitive extension of your own process. As your modeling projects get more complex, you’ll need to have more troubleshooting and workaround skills available to you.

WikiLeaks: Ethics vs Execution

WikiLeaks: Ethics vs Execution WikiLeaks is a website which was founded in 2006 by the Australian Programmer Julian Assange, and its purpose ever since, has been to leak and expose illegal or immoral government actions around the world. WikiLeaks, however, is not a simple hacking group and through careful planning of the release of government documents, it has promoted slander on those who the members of WikiLeaks may not like, therefore unethically promoting a political agenda. However, not everything WikiLeaks has released is of bad taste; some of the documents, in fact, have shown the disgraceful actions which the governments of various countries have committed and tried to hide. This does not excuse the damage to political figures which are named in the released documents. Even though WikiLeaks exposes immoral government actions, this organization must be censored because it unethically promotes slander and harms political figures. WikiLeaks has shown that it wants to foist an anti-establishment opinion upon its readers by slandering and promoting slander against the government. The release of the Iraq War Logs in 2010 by WikiLeaks was very quickly condemned by the United States and United Kingdom who suggested the disclosures put lives at risk. (Karhula). The documents of the leak showed its readers that the government was hiding something from its people and while they were, it should not have been a serious scandal in war times. It should be known that wars have casualties and the files state that civilians in Afghanistan were killed but WikiLeaks promoted the concept that this was a serious issue which would encourage strong distrust and dislike of the government. The release of every secret document in the War in Afghanistan is not necessarily for the peoples benefit as it is a mistake to assume that revealing the entirety of what has been secret will liberate us (Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek). While knowing how ones government operates can benefit participation in politics, it is detrimental to the people to know what horrible actions had to be made during a war. The information released by WikiLeaks is also not extraordinary, but rather confirmation of what many perceive the government as. The scandal around WikiLeaks released documents is false because much of the information revealed by WikiLeaks is not extraordinary or revolutionary (Eco 219). Torture and death, ubiquitous in the Iraq War logs and Afghan War Diary, is a subject which many people refuse to discuss even though it is used by the United States in a time of war. While many speak out against torture, it is still used on Americans and by Americans in Foreign countries during a war. The revelations of the WikiLeaks documents are nothing more than a confirmation and detailed explanation of how exactly the United States government and army acts during war. With the lack of truth to the WikiLeaks scandal, the [distribution] to major newspapers (Ludlow) makes it even worse as WikiLeaks promoted its philosophy through mainstream media. By doing this, WikiLeaks was essentially forcing anti-establishmentarianism upon its readers, and forcing a reaction from the government. The two possible reactions from the government would be an increase or decrease in security, which would slowdown efficiency or force the government to stop taking risks, both detrimental to the operation of the United States. Through WikiLeaks methods of releasing information and promoting an anti-establishment belief, it encourages that the United States people slander the governments name, in the hope that the government changes its policies of security. Even though some of the actions performed by WikiLeaks are unethical and detrimental to society, the ideology of freedom of information, is a reasonable and good-natured one. In March 2007, WikiLeaks released the Guantanamo prison camp standard operating manual for the United States military which revealed that some prisoners were placed outside of Red Cross allowed areas, even though the government denied this previously (Karhula). The release of the Guantanamo manual had beneficial implications as it encouraged a better understanding of war and foreign policy from United States citizens. The lie by the government shown by the Guantanamo manual gave insight into how the United States military operated. The release of the Guantanamo manual showed the United States public that there were lies in the government. Even though the Iraq War Logs and Afghan War Diary promoted unreasonable distrust, they both informed the public of the horror of war. The philosophy behind WikiLeaks releases follows hacktivist culture, which in philosophy, is beneficial as the political compass of these hacktivist groups has never pointed true right or true left (Ludlow). WikiLeaks promotion of freedom of information is not meant to sway someone one way or another, it is simply meant to inform and make the reader aware of the world and their government. Even though information may change ones political opinion, WikiLeaks is not trying to force one specific ideology. The leaks are meant to show that the government should not always be trusted, even though they encourage a complete disconnect from, or reconfiguration of the government. It is true that the government should not always be trusted, and the voting public of the United States should understand this. While WikiLeaks execution of releasing information is flawed, the major implication of WikiLeaks is that no government in the world will be able to maintain areas of secrecy if it continues to entrust its secret communications and its archives to the Internet or other forms of electronic memory (Eco 219) which may be beneficial. WikiLeaks is something of a warning to the governments of the world, saying that they cannot entrust secret information to the internet anymore. This fear of being hacked which WikiLeaks has instilled in governments should make them more secure and stronger. Who is to say a terrorist organization cannot hack the United States government like WikiLeaks has? While some may consider WikiLeaks a terrorist group, it is simply doing what a potential terrorist could do in the future without action. WikiLeaks release of information also encourages people to bring about a different functioning of power that might reach beyond the limits of representative democracy (Ã …Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek) which can be beneficial to United States citizens. The representative democracy of the United States is currently limited in its true ability to represent people, somewhat due to the secrets which representatives could hold. The information released by WikiLeaks works to encourage a better society where people know and like their representatives in the government. While it is true that uprooting the current form of democracy is not going to happen any time soon, WikiLeaks is placing in the minds of its readers that the government is flawed and should be improved. This is not what most readers have gained from WikiLeaks, however, and it has not been successful. Even though WikiLeaks has a generally good philosophy and mission, the execution and results so far have proven to hurt individuals more than help the United States public. This can be seen in the initial reaction to the releasing of 251,000 State Department Cables which may have changed the world (Greenberg 3). Department Cables or telegrams are confidential text messages exchanged between members of foreign embassies and their parent country. The release of the State Department Cables and public reaction made it clear to the Obama administration that people were not in his favor. When Obama said that he would pull troops from Iraq, many believed this to be a reaction to the Iraq War Logs, and while it was good that soldiers would be returning, this may have been against Obamas free will as president. Because of the extreme backlash from the public on the Iraq war logs, the Obama administration was quick to distance itself from WikiLeaks (Thompson-Jones 287). As soon as the leaks ca me out and showed Obama in a bad light, citizens were fast to change opinions of him and this hurt his ability to function as president. While WikiLeaks did not directly attack Obama, the leaks of the United States government hurt him and caused diplomatic issues. Another more prominent instance of WikiLeaks harming a political figure is the Hillary Clinton email scandal. In March 2015, 55,000 pages of supposedly delated emails on a personal account were leaked by WikiLeaks (Thompson-Jones 284) While Clintons leaked emails were not of illegal nature, they distracted the public from her presidential campaign (Thompson-Jones 290) and hurt her image as she was running for president. The leaked emails displayed Clintons poor decisions in foreign policy and must have swayed the opinions of some who were going to vote for her. While WikiLeaks may have not had a direct agenda against Clinton, the leak provided people information against her and reason not to vote. The reason WikiLeaks had such an impact with little repercussions is because the it is almost completely anonymous. One of the most dangerous implications of anonymity is that of assassination politics: assassinating a political figure to achieve a political agenda (Greenberg 117). While Wi kiLeaks does not specifically promote assassination politics, the leaks can be used by anyone how is willing to go to that level. WikiLeaks has not been a direct cause of harm to politicians but it encourages direct harm with the methods it uses to leak information through the press and news stories. WikiLeaks seems to be a good idea, and on the surface, it is, but the implications and reactions to WikiLeaks are detrimental to the United States society and livelihood of some. Even though WikiLeaks should be censored, it most likely never will be, at least not completely. There are still thousands of hackers and whistle-blowers who will continue WikiLeaks if its founder is imprisoned. Word Count: 1616 Works Cited Eco, Umberto. Thoughts on WikiLeaks. Inventing the Enemy, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, NY, 2012, pp. 217-222. Greenberg, Andy. Prologue. This Machine Kills Secrets: How WikiLeakers, Cypherpunks and Hacktivists Aim to Free the Worlds Information, Dutton, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 1-8. Karhula, PÃ ¤ivikki. What Is the Effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information? FAIFE Spotlight, IFLA, 5 Oct. 2012, www.ifla.org/publications/what-is-the-effect-of-wikileaks-for-freedom-of-information. Ludlow, Peter. WikiLeaks and Hacktivist Culture. The Nation, Katrina Vanden Heuvel, 29 June 2015, www.thenation.com/article/wikileaks-and-hacktivist-culture/. Thompson-Jones, Mary. 251,287 Leaked Cables. To The Secretary: Leaked Embassy Cables and Americas Foreign Policy Disconnect, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, NY, 2016, pp. 24-34. Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek, Slavoj. Good Manners in the Age of WikiLeaks. London Review of Books, Nicholas Spice, 20 Jan. 2011, www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n02/slavoj-zizek/good-manners-in-the-age-of-wikileaks.

Archimedes :: essays research papers

Archimedes (287-212 BC), preeminent Greek mathematician and inventor, who wrote important works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. Archimedes was born in Syracuse, Sicily, and educated in Alexandria, Egypt. In pure mathematics he anticipated many of the discoveries of modern science, such as the integral calculus, through his studies of the areas and volumes of curved solid figures and the areas of plane figures. He also proved that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a cylinder that circumscribes the sphere. In mechanics, Archimedes defined the principle of the lever and is credited with inventing the compound pulley. During his stay in Egypt he invented the hydraulic screw for raising water from a lower to a higher level. He is best known for discovering the law of hydrostatics, often called Archimedes' principle, which states that a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of fluid it displaces. This discovery is said to have been made as Archimedes stepped into his bath and perceived the displaced water overflowing, and after viewing that had ran outside into the streets naked screaming "Eureka!(I found it!)" Archimedes spent the major part of his life in Sicily, in and around Syracuse. He did not hold any public office but devoted his entire lifetime to research and experiment. During the Roman conquest of Sicily, however, he placed his gifts at the disposal of the state, and several of his mechanical devices were employed in the defense of Syracuse. Among the war machines attributed to him are the catapult and-perhaps legendary-a mirror system for focusing the sun's rays on the invaders' boats and igniting them. After the capture of Syracuse during the Second Punic War, Archimedes was killed by a

The Princess Bride Essay -- essays research papers

In the film, 'The Princess Bride,'; directed by Rob Reiner, Cary Elwes plays a farmboy known as Westley during the Middle Ages. Westley falls in love with Buttercup, played by Robin Wright, who lives upon the land where he works. Buttercup also falls in love with Westley, so he sets out to find his fortune so they can be married. A short time later, Buttercup learns that Westley has been killed by pirates. The Prince of the land chooses Buttercup to be his bride, regardless to her feelings. Before the marriage takes place, Buttercup is kidnapped. Westley, disguised as a pirate in black, sees the kidnapping occur and chases after Buttercup. He catches up and defeats all three of the kidnappers using his strength, skill, and smarts. Buttercup learns of his true identity and together they escape from the evil prince. Westley is an intelligent man who makes good choices. He is a hero in many aspects. Buttercup, on the other hand, made some poor choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Westley was intelligent. He displayed this characteristic when he poisoned the cups of wine. He poisoned both cups to guarantee that Vizzini, played by Wallace Shawn, one of the kidnappers of Buttercup, died. The intelligence was in the preparation. Westley had built up immunity to the poison before so that the small amount didn't affect him when he drank it, but affected Vizzini.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Westley also showed intelligence when he couldn't move, but made Prince Humperdink beli...

just war Essay -- essays research papers fc

One of the oldest traditions in religious ethics is that of the just war. The "Just War Theory" specifies under which conditions war is just. Opposition based on the Just War Theory differs from that of pacifists. Oppositionists oppose particular wars but not all war. Their opposition is based on principals of justice rather than principles of pacifism (Becker 926). In the monotheistic religious traditions of Christianity and Islam, one role of God (or Allah) is to limit or control aggressions among humankind. In these religious traditions, God establishes an ideal or standard for the righteous use of force by followers of the faith. These standards, or just war traditions, address details of when to use force to solve disputes, to what extent the force should be employed, and whose blessing is required to insure that the use of force is appropriate in the eyes of God. If a situation satisfies the just war tradition in that culture and the aggression is carried out for religious reasons, the action can be further classified as holy war. Many Americans connect the concept of holy war only with Islam. In fact the Christian crusades during the middle ages were just such a holy war being waged by Christians against Muslims. Whether a particular situation qualifies as a holy war or not, the focus of the just war tradition is to ask God for approval. â€Å"Appeals to ‘holy war’ or ‘religious crusade’ in one or another tradition are one type of appeal to divine authority regarding the use of force.† In recent history numerous conflicts, border skirmishes, battles and wars have arisen in which governments have decided to apply military force to varying degrees. Inevitably, politicians, policy-makers, religious and military leaders seek divine authority on which to base the struggle of their population and the loss of life. Have religious ethical values or theological aspects of the just war tradition influenced the nature of these military actions? Have the prevailing religious values kept military actions any more humane than they might otherwise have been? This paper will examine the theological roots of the just war tradition in the Christian and Islamic cultures. In addition, it will try to ascertain how religious ethics, and the just war tradition in particular, has been used between the †Å"war† on terror and the United States. Finally, this paper will dem... ...; Weigel, George. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Greenhaven Press, 1978. â€Å"Encyclopedia of Islam.† Esposito, John L. New York: International Union of Academies, 1960. â€Å"Exploring the Christian Faith.† Packer, J.I., Osborn, Grant R., Brown, Colin. Nashville, Tennessee: Lion Publishing, 1996. â€Å"Just War and Jihad, Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions.† Kelsay, John & Johnson, James Turner. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1991. â€Å"Living Religions.† Glasse, Cyril. Oxford University Press, 1995. Fisher, Mary Pat. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999. â€Å"The Christian Theology Reader.† McGrath, Alister E. Malden, Ma & Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. 1995, 2001. â€Å"Pacifism.† Encyclopedia of Ethics. Ed. Becker, Lawrence C. New York & London: Garland Publishing, INC. 1992. â€Å"War and Peace.† Encyclopedia of Ethics. Ed. Becker, Lawrence C. New York & London: Garland Publishing, INC. 1992.

Positive Psychotherapy in Cancer Treatment

The start of the psychoanalyst is registered as 1975 by Jimmy C. Holland, when the understanding of the psychological support to those who was cancer- diagnosed. The meaning of psychoanalyst or sometimes they call It inconspicuously, originally was started from telling the cancer- diagnosis to the patient. In USA special stuff was assigned who would tell the diagnosis Initially to the patient. However there are lots of other cases that should be dealt with, In the process of the cancer treatment.Incontinent Is going through lots of kinds of treatments, such as chemotherapy, deteriorated, Impenetrably, medications, and so on. While going through all those hard to bear stuffs, patient Is having not only well-being problems, psychological problems, physiological problems, but also changes in physical appearances are problems. Since the patient already knows that he isn't as usual anymore, and has â€Å"zero† haircut, has lost weight, got very skinny and even sometimes color of sk in becomes different than before and many other chances such as those can happen. Heir treatments, other negative outcomes, such as metastases, cancer recurrences, repeated surgeries and worsening of the tests and so on. Can we have different people assigned to tell or to communicate about each one of those steps, or let's say outcomes? Is it possible? Cancer patients also may have problems in communication with family, doctors, medical stuff, friends, spouses, siblings, caregivers, parents, and so on. Should we not interrupt? What about leaving him alone to go through such hardships? â€Å"Absolute no† is an answer for this. Here is the main set of work for a psychoanalyst to deal with.Not only are these kinds of stuffs act as an issue, although. Psychoanalyst is a huge amount area, what is responsible for huge amount of work for every single case of a cancer patient. What I mean is, every single cancer patient has a different stereographic state: age, gender, family state, blood type and so on. Also there are lots of differences such as diagnosis, type of treatment, history of illness; and family is different. Even the place of living and birth place is important, when figuring out what is loved and unloved by him/ her.Other things like allergies, previous diagnoses, previous hospitalizing causes, and effects of treatments and etc. All of those are very important for the psychologist working in the oncology centers. Another responsibility of the anesthesiologist is to improve the actor-patient relationships, subordination state, and solve conflicts between medical stuff. How? That is up to the situation, again. Therefore, it must be known what is the real problem, the main problem that is leading to conflicts. If the treating stuff isn't feeling comfortable in his workplace then the positive effect of the treatment is under the question as well.Also, most of doctors have a burn-out state at their workouts. It is when they don't want to work to help fo r the patient to recover, and see the results, and building empathy in the relationships between him/her (doctor) and patient, owing Just what he/she has to do without any motivation and excitement. The consummation of alcohol and smoking of the doctors can be explained as a stress- release, or how we call it â€Å"discharge†. What is the reason for the doctor to have stress? As I'm in charge of psychological state of the well-being, I will tell from what I know.When the doctor sees that the patient who is discharged and happy about it will come back very soon, when the doctor have to deal with the bad outcomes of his/ her patients alone; without telling to his/her patient and his/her family, because the actor was been told like that by them; when the doctor is assigning any kind of treatment and seeing that it made the patient worse; when the doctor was scolded for the worsening of his/her patient, while already feeling bad about that; when doctor loses patient's belief or t rust in him/her and lots of such kind of stresses of the doctor may cause bigger problems for his/her career as well as to the patient's treatment. It is seen as â€Å"those doctors are cold-blooded folks†, however they are in state of long-lasted chronic distress or even sometimes chronic depression. What to do? Here psychologist is in charge of making kinds of trainings or stress-relieving consultations, treatments and therapies. However, doctors aren't always open to those kinds of procedures. This is another Job for the psychologist, to find those approaches to attract medical stuff to be open to that. Is that's all? What about the applied psychology?Applied psychology is the main thing that helps to accomplish all listed above tasks. In the first place, for the psychologist, as for the doctor, the well- session with the oncology patient, and after introducing him-I herself, the anesthesiologist is listening to the patient. While in the normal clinical session, psychologi st writes down socio-demographic state of the client. Next is asking questions in the flow of the patient's speech, and listen and notice everything told by the patient. The writing while listening isn't so necessary, even is better not to write, since the patient has gone through all those writing stuff till getting to the psychologist.If there are some significant issues in his/her speech and hard to memorize, it is k to ask the patient to stop and permit him/her to write it down, since it is very important for you, as well. If the patient is not so open-minded, however most of the incontinent are up to â€Å"free association† and not need to ask them to tell, however there are those depressed or aggressive incontinent going through one of the steps of Kibble-Rose's Scale (5-stage of the coping). There the psychologist may even make a bedside-session, what is prohibited in normal-life clinical consultation. What we do at the bedside is trying to build so called one-to-one e mpathy. With those kinds of patients, the psychologist may be called by the treating doctor of the patient or by the family of the patient, most probably.One of the way of building an empathy between the patient and the psychologist is, when psychologist is using so called insight and finds out what is favorable activities, fields of interest of the patient, either by asking the close ones or Just by looking around patient's bed and room, sometimes clothes and objects near the pillow, or accessories on him/her. Methods of treating the patient clinically (psychological term), is to use different kinds of therapies due to the cases of the patients; NIL, Gestalt therapy, psychoanalysis, psychotherapies, COB, Art therapies (especially for underage patients), cognitive harpies, meditation, visualization, Positive therapy and etc. The one that I'm going to study is Positive therapy. There are lots of different types of so-called Positive Therapy, in some cases not even based on Psychology Science.Just entering the term â€Å"Positive therapy' to the search databases will give out plenty of links, such â€Å"Silva Method†, other named webzines, named psychologists virtual seminars, trainings and so on. However, what is Positive? The term positivism leads to the belief that only scientific knowledge is accepted as the truth, and was found by August Comet in 19th entry. So, it is better not to mention about other unknown methods of positive therapies at all, and grab and hold the idea of positive therapy as the real considered method of psychological help. Some researchers say that positive thinking of cancer patient may cause the problem rather than the positive progress.It is like forcing a patient to think positively and not expressing aggressiveness or stress and whatever is felt negatively. Somehow it's related to the â€Å"not telling the diagnosis to the patient† debates. It was like that in the earlier years and nowadays thanks to philosophers, p sychologists and doctors for changing that rule, such as Level Tolstoy â€Å"Death of Ivan Illicit† work which was used in the different fields of medicine and health psychology area even as a textbook, where the sufferings of Ivan Illicit described in a detailed way, and how he couldn't express that since his wife and servant tried to hide every truth about his illness and death.Contrary to this, positive psychology is trying to help the patient considering diagnosis, it's consequences and everything open to the patient and being with the patient, that's how the support appears, when the patient How to express the anger, suffering, pain in a positive way? Positive psychology never says to express pain in a positive way, since the pain isn't something emotional. But emotions, these are what have to be dealt positively; it has many distinct methods, which are in a scientific and checked mode. That is therapies to stay positive by using Cognitive-Behavioral methods, or Locus of Control, Happiness Training Programs and so on.Surely, before setting a therapy to the patient everything should be taken into an account, such as socio-demographic state, illness, character, behavior and especially amnesias of life. Those are measured by scales, questionnaires, surveys and other testing methods. Initially, positive psychology was found by Howard Gardner, but it was assigned not for treatment, but for prevention, as for people not to get sick, not to have depression, and under-stress appearing consequences and so on. More briefly, cancer is from the psychosomatic illness group. Exciting is that the illness based on low level of well-being may cause physiologically terminal illness (here is another example for close relationship between mind-and-body).However Positive Psychology (PPTP) started to be used as a treatment as well, since the revelation is preventing from happening (not always), and how about already started or initially not prevented cases. That is how we come to apply to positive psychotherapy, what was found by Iranian neurologist, psychiatrist, and psychotherapist Angoras Physician since 1968. He developed a collection of East or in another words, Oriental tails, and stories, as one of the methods for a positive psychotherapy. There were contra-opinions to it. Like one of those I have told before, and other ones as well. However, as an explanation to those hypothetical debates, it may also develop into scientific studies and hypotheses, and may be the true of the â€Å"Positive Psychology' has perspective height as well. If the positive psychology is forcing patients to stay positive, should we develop â€Å"Realistic Psychology', or were patients aren't going to be forced to stay positive and will be taught to deal with every single problem in a real way, without trying to be positive or whatever; and if the positive psychology isn't Just forcing patients to stay positive, but more guarding patients and training them to deal with negative emotions positively, and not risking for progress of the tumor or cancer cells (cancer cells are getting ore by having the stress, depressive state, aggressive emotions and other negative mood expressions, also nervousness), then should we change the title or name of these psychological sphere from â€Å"positive psychology' into â€Å"realistic psychology'?In my short but meaningful experience, I have noticed that most of patients received â€Å"chimerical†, oncologist progress not after a while as they've been severely distressed over something. It's not a secret, that cancer cells are already existing in our body, organism, and starting to react as soon as we trigger them to react. Surely, n those who have genetic vulnerability cancer cells react more than in those who have not gene-hearted cancer cells. Here, I want to mark that, the psychological treatment is as seriously important as medical one, may be even more, since the initial trigger of the illnes s may be psychological state of the patient. Cancer patient cases: 20 years old lady, she is married and has 2 small children, I'm not allowed to tell the diagnosis, but the area of the tumor is her limb.When I first came to her, she was the burdened chemo treatment and cancer diagnosis, but more she was focused on her life problems. She was very young and already married and living with her in- laws. Her husband was sent away to prison for murdering two people, however she is confident that he admitted the criminal imprisonment instead of someone else, that is covering somebody, who is an actual criminal. And the time of imprisonment is 25 years. She told about how hard it was for her to see everything and how she felt about that. She cried for two days and was very weak, and then she felt down from the stairs but not high ones and injured her leg. For me it isn't Just the accident of falling down caused the tumor in her limb.Another case is with the woman having a cancer and recei ving chemo, but talking about her allowances, and large amount of money she borrowed and that she must find from somewhere, but not having an idea from where. Also, her in-laws and husband are asking her to leave them, and cursing her for that. Next example is about a man who is 32 years old and divorced from his wife, has a son. This man was diagnosed as lung cancer. His sister came to me to consult about how to tell him his diagnosis. This man was grieving over his mother's death and living alone, and very often talking about committing a suicide. This case is even harder, telling him his diagnosis may cause him harm by himself. But this is another topic.

Case Study: Chrysler-Fiat Partnership Essay

When America’s economical crisis reached its apex, domestic car manufacturers were at the forefront of struggling industries, and Chrysler was one of the hardest hit (Car and Driver, 2008). In 2008 the automotive giant, along with fellow industry stalwart General Motors, received a $17.4-billion reprieve from the American Government to keep from closing its doors altogether (Car and Driver). Chrysler did lose a lot of respectability, and was ordered to cease and desist with any new product development until the company proved it could be a viable business (Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009). However, the loan from the government proved to still not be enough to get Chrysler back on its feet, and in 2009 the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (Groth, 2011). Fiat faced its own organizational struggles in 2003-2004 before new CEO Sergio Marchionne led the Italian automotive manufacturer back to respectability (Gluckman & Kurczewski). Still, after watching European car sales fall to a 17 year low and needing a boost to his company’s revenue, Marchionne saw the Chrysler situation as a way to get into the American market (The Economist, 2013). Objectives Sought by Each Partner: Chrysler’s objectives in the partnership with Fiat were pretty simple: it needed a financial boost to maintain its place in the industry and new technology if it wanted to grow and advance (Marrs, 2009). After egregiously unsuccessful partnerships with Daimler-Benz and Cerberus Management Group and a multi-billion dollar loan from the American Government ended with Chrysler filing for bankruptcy, the company was in desperate need of a method to regain viability (Marrs; Krisher & Strumpf, 2009; Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009). Although Chrysler received no money in the deal, it will emerge as a new, leaner group minus billions in debt, 789 underperforming dealerships, and burdensome labor costs, not to mention gaining Fiat’s  technology to build new environmentally friendly, fuel efficient, high-quality vehicles (Krisher & Strumpf). Fiat’s objective in the partnership was to provide a financial boost to its own company without accumulating additional debt (Ebhardt, 2013). Fiat, Italy’s largest auto manufacturer, would like to expand its market to become a global competitor. Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne believes that to compete with General Motors, Volkswagen, and Toyota, the merged Fiat-Chrysler will need to produce 5.5-6 million cars a year, compared to its current output of 4.1 million (The Economist, 2013). Basis of Dialogue Leading to the Partnership: The basis of a dialogue leading to a potential partnership was the concept of a mutually beneficial situation for all parties involved (Cox, 2013). Fiat has the capital, new technologies to develop high-efficiency cars, and reverence from Ferrari and Maserati fans that will allow Chrysler to regain its place among top domestic auto manufacturers in the United States (Groth, 2013). Fiat will share with Chrysler its platforms and powertrain technology, including engines, transmissions, and fuel-saving technology (Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009). Through Fiat, Chrysler will also get better distribution of its products in Europe, India, Brazil and China (Gluckman & Kurczewski). Chrysler is the 3rd-largest U.S. auto company and is a trusted brand with the international appeal, customer base, and facilities that will allow Fiat to become a serious competitor in the global automotive manufacturing market (Groth). Chrysler was also in no position to be patient for an extended period of time. While its factories sat idled during the bankruptcy process, the automaker reportedly lost 100 million per day (Krisher & Strumpf, 2009). Steps Taken by Each Company: The partnership between Fiat and Chrysler, which is still an ongoing process, is being approached in phases. Initially Chrysler agreed to give Fiat a 35% holding in return for an influx of new engines and platforms, research and development, and help retooling its plants (Marrs, 2009). This approach allowed both organizations to ease into the partnership, without either side immediately taking on too much debt or risk (Cox, 2013). Analysts were not  able to exactly predict the partnership between Fiat and Chrysler. In fact, Chrysler was in talks with General Motors before both companies began to experience serious financial hardships (Gluckman & Kurczewski, 2009). Looking to avoid the management mistakes that doomed Chrysler’s partnerships with Daimler and Cerberus, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne has made it clear that Fiat/Chrysler will run as one company (Trujillo, 2013). As Mr. Marchionne announced at a media briefing, â€Å"This management team spends their time traveling and making decisions, but this thing runs as one house. There is no question about who runs what; I run one company† (Vlasic, 2013, pp. 4).

E-Learning Questionnaire

This proposal focuses on only e-learning in one developing country, Malaysia. For this study, e-learning is used at tertiary level. The overall purpose of the research is to investigate, analyse and discuss the effectiveness of technology in the education system – theoretically and pedagogically. Since there are not many empirical researches in developing countries about the effectiveness of using technology in the education system, perhaps this paper may be able to contribute some ideas and new insights into the field. Many assumptions have been made nation wide about the fact that technology helps in the process of teaching and learning. However, they are not proven and as such the need to have more independent study on the effectiveness of e-learning is high. Another research concludes that the performance of e-learning students is at least the same as face-to-face (FTF) learning students. This comes with the same consideration for pedagogical designs, delivery and also the right amount of sources. Thus, the governments and education stakeholders have to look again at the investments on e-learning; if e-learning gives the same results as FTF, then perhaps educators can just choose to explore new FTF strategies. -Learning: Concept and practice in Malaysia To be more specific on the practice of e-learning, there is not yet a 100% e-learning. It is always a blended e-learning; a mixed mode e-learning whereby a combination of e-learning and FTF learning are used together. The e-learning concept allows for more working people to further their studies as distance and time are no longer the barriers to education. There are four objectives of this tertiary e-learning in Malaysia. The first is to introduce new concept of learning at a higher level of education. Secondly, it introduces interactive and productive method of learning. The third objective is to ensure students study independently and lastly to allow for balanced education in Malaysia. Learning model in e-learning includes independent study, on-line interaction, self-evaluation and graded assignments sent on-line. This proposal intends to use pre/post tests, examination results, questionnaires and interview as the basis of data collection and measurement for the effectiveness of e-learning. These designs are chosen because they can give an indicator for the effectiveness of e-learning. Pre/post test results can give a surface value on the effectiveness of e-learning itself. Meanwhile, questionnaires and interviews can gauge students’ awareness and belief on e-learning as a new tool of learning. Research questions This proposal has four research questions. They are, 1. 2. 3. 4. How does e-learning help in the process of teaching and learning? What are the relations between students’ academic achievement and e-learning? What are the differences in students’ academic achievement before and after e-learning treatment? What are the relations between gender, socio-economic background, academic ability and e-learning? Conclusion As this is a proposal on the topic of effectiveness of e-learning, collecting and analysing secondary data are still in progress. Students or subjects for the research have been identified and preliminary preparation is being made to organise groups, classes and materials for the students. At the same time, questionnaires are being prepared and will soon be pilot tested. The pre/post tests are being finalised. It is hoped that this research can be completed within its time frame as the findings may be crucial to the education system in Malaysia.

Ancient history course notes

Focuses on written sources, written sources restricted to the last 5500 years, written sources are limited to literate societies, written sources from ancient societies were mostly written by men, reflecting a male bias. Archaeology: Focuses on physical sources, physical sources extend as far back as the beginning of human history Into prehistory, physical artifacts provide information about all human activity, and archaeologists usually study the lives of all members of society.Find a site finds Excavate Record what is found Examine and investigate Publish Findings Analysis and Interpretation of finds Finding a site: Human activities have led to many chance finds. Some activities Include: plugging, land reclamation, digging and building foundations, quarrying and dredging, construction of roads, railways. Sewers etc and modern warfare. Crop Marks, Shadow marks, and satellite photography..Excavation: People who may be involved in a dig: Anthropologist- Someone who studies the origins of the human species and their change over time. Epigrapher-studies Inscriptions, deciphers tablets. Paleontologist-studies fossils of living organisms. Architect-Designs and oversees the making of buildings. Forensic Pathologist-a branch of pathology that deals with determining the cause of death. Proctologist-studies the translation of texts written on papyrus. Botanist-Studies all aspects of plant life Geochemistry-study of the earth's chemical compositions. Radiologist-A doctor who specialists In the use of x-rays. Ceramicist-A craftsman who shapes pottery and makes it in a kiln Numismatist- Someone who studies, grades and collects coins. Zoologist-studies all features of the animal kingdom Anatomist-studies features and organs of human and animal bodies. Climatologist- Studies climate Volcanisms-studies all features of castles and volcanoes.

Lawyers, Scientists Urge Ethics in Biological Advances

In this news article, the concerns of scientists toward an amoral approach to the advances of biological sciences and engineering are examined. Much of the article centers on a keynote address delivered by Harvard Law School professor Einer Elhauge where the professor states â€Å"The issue is that people tend not to focus on the consequences of certain forms of human re-engineering.†The professor goes on to comment that the great strides in biological science may yield a great number of advances in helping humanity overcome a number of diseases and afflictions, but he also acknowledges that there is great potential for abuse. Examples of such abuse include issues such as altering the sex of a child in the womb or even a deaf family biologically engineering the deafness of their offspring.Ultimately, the Elhuage’s focus is to convince the scientific community that, even though it has biological technology to alter evolution, it should use ethical standards before embark ing on the proverbial â€Å"playing God† concept that Mary Shelly warned science about 250+ years ago.To a great degree, the article is accurate in terms of its presentation and call for moral and ethical consciousness. Just because science reaches the technological or biological advances of a highly evolved society does not mean that science can now re-orchestrate what is considered morally acceptable in the hearts and minds of the population. As such, science should understand the limits of ethical and moral behavior and not approach advancements with total mindlessness and amorality.Congressman Calls out Tech Firms on China Ethics.The bulk of the purpose of this article is to put the onus on American and international businesses to reconsider their actions when empowering China by conducting extensive business with the nation.In the article, it is reported that Congressman Chris Smith has taken internet companies such as Yahoo, Google, Sysco Systems, etc to task for going along with China’s internet censorship program. This may not seem like an entirely important issue, but one needs to keep in mind that China is primarily a military-industrial complex dictatorship that has a horrible record for human rights violations. As Smith points out, when American businesses work in tandem with nations with such abominable track records they enable such dictatorships and help perpetuate significant human rights violations.Furthermore, it is noted that journalists in China have been censured and punished and imprisoned for exercising their free speech. Smith suggests that American businesses that contribute to such a scenario should be fined and sanctioned.What Smith is essentially doing here is he is compelling American companies to conform to ethical standards of behavior and that is commendable. However, these companies have limited ability in terms of being able to shape domestic Chinese law. Furthermore, in such a highly competitive international bu siness environment, it is difficult to impose ethics as defined by one nation onto another nation, no matter how noble the cause. Smith’s statements are commendable, but it is not entirely clear if they will be successful.Ethics board fines Dow for giving state workers airplane rideAs the title of the article infers, the center of the ethics controversy this article deals with is a fine levied at Dow Chemicals to the tune of $2,500.00 for flying three state college employees to an out of state training program. At the time of the issue of contention, Dow was launching a co-operative training program with the state college (Louisiana Community and Technical College) and provided free airline tickets to employees for meeting purposes. This, however, was a violation of state ethic laws, hence the fine.This scenario strikes one as, well, silly. For Dow to compensate the airline tickets of three state workers so all parties can hash out a co-operative venture hardly seems like une thical behavior, although it is defined as such under state ethics laws. While the whole scenario comes off as much ado about nothing (actually, $2500 to a multi-billion dollar company such as Dow is basically nothing), it technically is a violation of state laws and the levied fine is valid. However, it does not seem like any real, serious ethical violations actually took place.If anything, the situation appears more like an error as the result of an oversight as opposed to a deliberate ethical violation. Oversights, however, are not an excuse for not following directions. In that regard, the decision against Dow was valid and the fine levied justified.BibliographyAnon. (2007, February 9) Ethics board fines Dow for giving state workers airplane ride.The Associated Press.   Retrieved February 12, 2007 fromhttp://money.aol.com/news/ articles/_a/ethics-board-fines-dow-for-giving-state/n20070209095709990003Schwankert, Steven.   (2007, February 12) Congressman Calls out Tech Firms o nChina Ethics. IDG News Service, Retrieved February 12, 2007, fromhttp://www.infoworld.com//07/02/12/HNcongressmanchinaethics_1.html/article/ sourcedomain =www.dailyfreepress.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.comZerey, Ralpha. (2007, February 12) Lawyers, Scientists Urge Ethics in BiologicalAdvances. The Daily Free Press. Retrieved February 12, 2007, fromhttp://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2007/02/12/News/Lawyers.Scientists.Urge.Ethics.In.Biological.Advances-2712941.shtml?

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Journal - Assignment Example The article went on further to describe that George Romney had grown up on a Mormon compound established by his grandfather who had four wives. Asked to comment, Obama’s reelection campaign spokeswoman Lis Smith replied that they will not engage in attacking a candidate’s religion and that the practice was beyond what is appropriate. I think that this aspect of the presidential candidate’s family history, especially if it will not affect the candidate’s performance should he become the president, is of no relevance. I think Americans are more concerned with a presidential candidate’s capability to govern them than if where the candidate’s parents grew up. As the article mentioned, it was only Romney’s great grandfather who did not practice monogamy. It just shows that even if it was against their beliefs to have more than one wife, Romney’s grandfather and father stuck to their own principles of having just one family as is what presidential candidate Romney has done. At the end of the day, I think what matters is Romney’s personal conviction. This is what makes him the kind of person and presidential candidate that he is. If this kind of person is who America wants as a ruler then what his great grandfather had done should be of no

Basic Concepts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Basic Concepts - Coursework Example For example, when â€Å"what you did† was done, it meant letting go of his girl, so he has to think twice if he cheats (â€Å"what you did†) because it would entail his girl leaving him. Beyonce Knowles Single Ladies also explains the basic transaction of exchange in economics. That if you want something, a good or service or in this case, the girl, you should pay or put a ring on it. This is present in the lyrics â€Å"Cause if you liked it, then you should have put a ring on it/ If you liked it, then you shoulda put a ring on it†. Johnny Cash’s I Walk the Line is a little complex because it explains the concepts of inelastic demand. That is, the demand remains constant regardless of price. In the lyrics, it present in these lines that reads â€Å"Youve got a way to keep me on your side/ You give me cause for love that I cant hide†. In this music, the other person which the music pertains to gives the singer â€Å"to keep me on your side†. The me is the â€Å"service† in this lyrics of which the other person is willing to pay or give at any price just to keep â€Å"me on your

Ratio analysis and the applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ratio analysis and the applications - Essay Example The first one is that valuation must be done in a prudent way. This means that when valuing assets on should make sound decisions in order to value the assets in question correctly the second principle states that; profits that are made in the balance sheet are the only profits that should be included in financial statements. The third principle stipulates that depreciation should be considered when reporting for a financial year regardless of whether it causes a gain or a loss. An example of where the prudence concept is normally used in accounting is when calculating profit or loss. For example, some liabilities are based on the possibility of an event occurring in the future and is expected to generate a profit or loss. If the likeliness of it happening is more than 50% it should be recorded depending on whether it results in a profit or loss. An example of such an event is a law suit. b) The Matching Concept This is a principle in accounting that stipulates that charges and incom es which relate to a financial year must be recorded regardless of the date when the payment of the charges or income was receipted. According to (Hoque, 2006), it is the accounting approach of allocating expenses to their respective incomes. The matching principle of accounting is governed by a number of principles. ... This means that account policies adapted by a business organization should follow a particular principle. This concept aims at allowing comparability of the business organizations’ financial positions and the results of their business activities. The concept puts forward the standardization of financial statements in terms of recording and valuation. An example is when a business institution is calculating depreciation on its assets, for example, a staff van. If the company chooses to use a method in calculating depreciation of the van for instance, the strait line method; it should stick with the method when calculating future depreciation of the van and other assets. This will help in comparing the depreciation of the van and other assets. d) The going concern concept. This is a concept that stipulates that any business establishment is expected to grow in its corporate life irrespective of the shareholders or owners lifespan. The going concern concept is the main idea behin d the costing concepts. However, it is important to note that the going concern should be explained at the end of very financial statement if it has been deemed invalid. A business establishment is regarded as a going concern when there is no intention to wind up the business.  An example of where this concept is used is when a business institution acquires an asset, in the profit and loss account the asset is not recorded at its present market value. However, it is recorded minus its depreciation since it will be used for a long period of time. e) The Concept of Double Entry This is a concept in book keeping which stipulates that all changes in accounting information must reflect in at least two ledger

Educational Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Philosophy - Essay Example Establishing an optimal learning environment is one of the most important components of my educational philosophy. I can show up with incredible content knowledge and lesson design ability, but it will be for nothing unless students understand two things: that they are safe and accepted in my classroom, and that the work they are doing is meaningful and relevant to their lives and their future (Marzano, et al, 1992). Maintaining a safe classroom means addressing inappropriate behavior, monitoring bullying and threats, investigating parent and student safety concerns, and consistent monitoring of the students. This is essential in elementary schools where parents are leaving their young children in the care of adults who are strangers to them. The burden of care in the elementary school is great because students are less capable of caring for themselves. In middle and high schools, students are bigger and stronger. They sometimes have access to weapons or are more willing to fight. Keeping a safe classroom is essential in the secondary setting. Providing meaningful and relevant work also contributes to a positive learning environment. ... Students who feel burdened by "busy work" know that their teachers have not worked hard to provide worthwhile lessons, and they are much less likely to work hard for or support such a teacher (Marzano, et al.). Our school populations are becoming increasingly diverse. It is also essential to demonstrate one's acceptance of all the students in the classroom, regardless of gender, race, national origin, ability level, or anything else. Teachers who work hard at this are what Wong calls "intentionally inviting" (1991). My educational philosophy also involves using a classical instructional approach. Certainly, teachers need to be flexible and consider different students' unique needs; but most students benefit when the instruction follows a logical progression: activating prior knowledge, providing direct instruction, offering guided practice, then independent practice, followed by assessment. While these steps serve as a strong framework for lessons, maintaining flexibility so that plans can change as they are implemented is crucial (Tanner, 1997). My philosophy calls for a careful balance between best-known educational practices and developing an ability to view each student and lesson on a case-by-case basis, to make necessary adjustments while teaching. Differentiated instruction forms another part of philosophy. It has been shown to help students at all levels achieve more (Benjamin, 2006). It can mean supplying a solid variety of learning activities to all students; it can also apply to grouping students in class according to their skill levels and needs, and modifying instruction for each group. A good teacher can take the same basic lesson, add some elements that make it more

Podcasts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Podcasts - Essay Example In this scenario, subscribers are able to listen to podcasts using their computers, rather than sending them to a portable audio player. In fact, it is expected that coming editions of podcasting will include video signal. In this scenario, the cell phones with video potential will be capable of playing video podcasts. Actually, Adam Curry presented the idea of Podcasting. The application of this idea rose extensively with the emergence of networks and radio making material available for podcast fans. According to a research conducted by â€Å"USA Today† in February 2005 stated that over 3,300 podcast applications were available, immediately few months after its opening (Egger; Kayne; Lesinski, Walker and Leveque). Moreover, innovative technology based media has often replaced older media. However, it immediately does not take place that way. In fact, there are various aspects that turn out to be strictly out-of-date and have been replaced because of harsh boundaries they had (smoke signals are not that well-known any longer) however by and large, latest and innovative technology based media immediately supplements older media. Though, gestures did not turn out to be out of date for the reason that of speech. Additionally, the speech did not move away for the reason that of writing. In the same way, books did not put back the trend of letters. In addition, radio did not make books go absent, and neither did TV replace radio. On the other hand, the media backdrop is developing and the various kinds of media are affecting each other. Since people usually like to watch the Super Bowl on TV in place of listening to it on the radio. However, that is not equivalent "replacement". Additionally, radio certainly had to alter when TVs turned out to be well-known, however on the alternately, the number of radio stations almost certainly has augmented in those days (Egger; Kayne; Lesinski, Walker and Leveque). In this scenario, we have

Emotional Disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emotional Disabilities - Essay Example The crucial issue for teachers and federal and state authorities issue is to be able to differentiate between misconduct and emotional disability (Doty, 20003). With regards to history, a child or student to be eligible for emotional disability, pertinent evaluations are conducted. The school must conduct psychological testing by a trained school psychologist and the testing includes cognitive testing and social/emotional measures through rating scales, interviews and observations (School Psychologist Files, 2006-2007). In addition, to rule out environmental factors, a socio-cultural evaluation is done by a social worker with a parent of the child to determine a developmental history (School Psychologist Files, 2006-2007). Another issue that poses a challenge to school authorities is determining whether a child has emotional disability/disturbance or is socially maladjusted. A guide used by an educational agency in Michigan addresses this issue by drawing a matrix of characteristics in terms of behavior to differentiate emotionally disturbed and socially maladjusted students (School Psychologist Files, 2006-2007). In terms of definition, the eligibility of a child or student for having emotional disability is currently determined according to criteria set by Individual with Disabilities Act, Public Law 101-476 (Carrol n.d.

Climate change hastens population extinctions Essay

Climate change hastens population extinctions - Essay Example Literature review: The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living things. Climate is usually described in terms of the mean and variability of temperature, precipitation and wind over a period, ranging from months to millions of years (the classical period is 30 years). Global warming the most visible aspect of climate change affects our whole climate system including humans worldwide. In the past three decades the EL Nino effect in the Southern hemisphere has become more intense, causing greater variation in rainfall. . North America and Central Asia will warm more than the oceans or coastal regions. Precipitation will increase overall, but there will be sharp regional variations, with some areas that now receive adequate rainfall becoming arid. The consequences for non-human animals and bio-diversity will also be severe. In some regions plant and animal communities will gradually move further from the equator, or to higher altitudes, following climate patterns. Australia's unique alpine plants and animals already survive only on the country's highest alpine plains and peaks. If snow ceases to fall on their territory, they will become extinct. Similarly, many species are also shifting towards favorable climatic zones or facing threats of extinction. One such species is Checkerspot butterfly. Recent studies are pointing out that climate change may be one of the factors for extinction of species but not the sole reason. Therefore, the detection and attribution of climate change in natural system has been a challenge for climate change biologists. Assigning climate change as the cause of the observed biotic changes has often had a deeper basis, such as a known mechanistic link between climate variables and biology of the study of species (Parmesan et al. 2000). On a continental scale, movements of the entire species ranges have been found in butterflies in both north America and Europe, where two thirds of the 58 species studied have shifted their ranges northward (Parmesan, 1996; Parmesan et al. 1999). Seventy years of published studies document the limiting effects of temperature on butterfly population dynamics, particularly at northern range edges (Parmesan, 2003). The northern boundaries of many European butterflies are correlated with summertime isotherms (Thomas, 199 3). Montane studies are lesser in numbers and less documented but these shows upward movement of species in general. In one of the studies, Parmesan (1996) found that Edith's Checkerspot butterfly has shifted upwards by 105m in the Sieara Nevada Mountains of California. Now apart from warming impacts, the difference in rainfall has some impact on movement/extinction of species/plants. In one of the study, at sites in Alaska, more recent decades have been relatively dry, which is believed to have prevented trees from responding to current warming as they did before (Barber et al., 2000) Precipitation changes may also be the reason for shifting/extinction. Recent trends toward increased precipitation have seen to be driving vegetation compositions to be altering the relative abundances of species within Rodent, reptile and ant communities (Brown et al. 1997). Theory indicates that a